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+Sentence,Subject,Verb,Object
+"While Bulgaria withdrew from the war, Turkey surrendered to the Allies in 1918.",Bulgaria,withdrew,from the war
+The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.,The Balkan states,were,fiercely jealous
+"With the collapse of Soviet Union, the idea of nonalignment lost relevance.",the idea,lost,"relevance, With the collapse of Soviet Union"
+" From 1893 to 1914, Gandhi practised law in South Africa.",Gandhi,practised,"law, in South Africa"
+"The bloc comprised Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Australia, Greece, Pakistan and Turkey.",The bloc,comprised,Australia
+The Indian National Movement from 1919 to 1947 is also known as the Gandhian Era primarily because the period was dominated by Gandhi and his policies.,The Indian National Movement,known,as the Gandhian Era
+People enthusiastically participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement.,People,participated,in the Non-Cooperation Movement
+Gandhi made the Indian National Movement a mass movement.,Gandhi,made,a mass movement
+No action was taken when China appealed to the League for help.,China,appealed,"when, to the League, for help"
+"Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.",Austria,was given,control
+The countries in this bloc believed in liberal democracy and granting of all rights to the citizens.,The countries,believed,in liberal democracy and granting of all rights to the citizens
+"The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.",who,been restored,"to power, during the conservative reaction after 1815"
+It was fought by several nations and affected almost all countries.,It,was fought,by several nations
+"Sadat offered the Israelis a peace deal, if they withdrew from Sinai.",Sadat,offered,"the Israelis, a peace deal"
+"In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.",independent nation-states,exist,"such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes"
+"  As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.",the different Slavic nationalities,struggled,define
+"Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.",campaigns,prepared,the way
+"As a counter to the NATO, Soviet Union organized the Soviet-bloc countries for a united military action, under the Warsaw Pact.",Soviet Union,organized,"the Soviet-bloc countries, under the Warsaw Pact"
+Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.,who,led,"the movement, unify"
+The French troops were eventually defeated.,The French troops,defeated,eventually
+"The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists, leaders of the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and Depressed Classes came together and made Motilal Nehru the Chairman of the Committee.",The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists,is,leaders
+"However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.",the Napoleonic Code,went,However
+The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.,The female form,stand,for any particular woman in real life
+The increase in military budget further strained the Soviet economy.,The increase,strained,the Soviet economy
+" In 1916, Germany sunk many British warships, but she was defeated in the Battle of Verdun.",Germany,sunk,"many British warships, In 1916"
+The cities and railways soon fell into their hands.,The cities,fell,into their hands
+"Countries which were part of this bloc were Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.",Countries,were,Poland
+While the Communist Party was under Mao Tse Tung and Chou En Lai.,the Communist Party,was,under Mao Tse Tung and Chou En Lai
+Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.,Ideas,allied,to the ideology of liberalism
+The United States and its European allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to resist Soviet aggression in Europe (1949).,its European allies,resist,Soviet aggression
+"Many colonies such as India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka also participated in the war on the side of the Allies.",Many colonies,participated,also
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,met,"In 1815, at Vienna"
+Almost all countries were engulfed in the war.,countries,were engulfed,in the war
+"When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.",he,joined,"other monarchs, oppose"
+It was a symbolic boundary between communism and capitalism.,It,was,a symbolic boundary
+Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.,Minister Cavour,was,a revolutionary
+Italy remained neutral for some time and then declared war on Germany (broke the Triple Alliance).,Italy,remained,neutral
+" Interestingly, at the time when Sorrieu created this image, the German peoples did not yet exist as a united nation – the flag they carry is an expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to unify the numerous German-speaking principalities into a nation-state under a democratic constitution",the German peoples,did not yet exist,"Interestingly, at the time when Sorrieu created this image, yet, as a united nation"
+"  By 1918, Germany and her allies began to be routed by the combined forces of Britain, France and USA.",Germany,began,routed
+"  Soon, war broke out in all of Europe.",war,broke,"Soon, in all of Europe"
+The year 1848 was one such year.,The year,was,such year
+" Thus, USA declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917.",USA,declared,war
+"Because of the extent of the spread of the war, damages caused by it and the total impact of the war was till now unprecedented in history, it came to be known as the First World War.",the total impact,was,"Because of the extent of the spread of the war, till now unprecedented in history"
+"Only Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal and Turkey remained neutral.",Only Sweden,is,Portugal
+It significantly expanded the EEC’s scope giving the meetings of the EPC a legal basis.,It,expanded,"the EEC’s scope, significantly"
+The pathans in northwestern India under the leadership of Khan Abdul Gahaffar Khan (also known as the Frontier Gandhi) led a non-violent struggle.,The pathans,led,a non-violent struggle
+"But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.",its rulers,shared,history
+They were treated with scorn and threats alternately.,They,were treated,alternately
+In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market.,the growth,meant,"the growth, In Western and parts of Central Europe"
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,draw,a settlement
+This was the deadliest war as over 50 million people including civilians and soldiers died in it.,people,died,in it
+"In retaliation, the Royal Air Force of Britain conducted air raids on German territories.",the Royal Air Force,conducted,"air raids, In retaliation"
+" Where ever the Commission went, it was greeted with protests and hartals.",it,was greeted,with protests and hartals
+People enthusiastically participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement.,People,participated,"enthusiastically, in the Non-Cooperation Movement"
+It also prohibited public policies or private agreements that restricted market competition.,that,restricted,market competition
+"Only Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal and Turkey remained neutral.",Only Sweden,remained,neutral
+All the members of the legislatures had to resign .,the members,had,resign
+They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.,They,spoke,"French, for purposes of diplomacy and in high society"
+This is known as the Warsaw pact.,This,is known,as the Warsaw pact
+"A  National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work.",A  National Assembly,guaranteed,the right
+Communists also criticised western style of democracy as they felt that it was meant only for the rich and the upper middle class.,it,was meant,only for the rich and the upper middle class
+"In 1955 Turkey, Iraq, Great Britain, Pakistan and Iran signed a pact known as Baghdad Pact.",Turkey,signed,"a pact, In 1955"
+Assad respectively concluded a secret agreement in January 1973 to bring their armies under one command.,Assad,bring,"their armies, under one command"
+The US bombed both North and South in the hope that it could force the liberation forces to abandon the struggle.,The US,bombed,North
+"As you would remember, the attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.",the attributes,are,the broken chain
+Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.,Even the Italian language,had,"many regional and local variations, still"
+"  While it is easy enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a statue, how does one go about giving a face to a nation?",one,go,how
+In contrast the USSR had little interest in developing the economy of East Berlin.,the USSR,had,"little interest, In contrast"
+Serbia accepted most demands but refused some.,Serbia,refused,some
+"Arafat was elected by the central council of the PLO as the first president of the state of Palestine on April 2, 1989.",Arafat,was elected,"by the central council of the PLO, as the first president of the state of Palestine on April 2, 1989"
+One of the major events of the war was the withdrawal of Russia from the First World War.,One,was,the withdrawal
+"Following this, a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its elegant windowpanes, furniture, porcelain.",a group,forced,"their way, into the house"
+Another group broke into the storehouse and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds .,they,tore,"which, to shreds"
+They were soon joined by other communist  armies.,They,joined,by other communist  armies
+Despite this they were denied  suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly.,they,were denied,suffrage rights
+Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.,Their families,connected,often
+" In August 1942, Hitler targeted Stalingrad, but the frigid temperature and counter attack by the Soviet troops forced the Germans to surrender.",Hitler,targeted,"Stalingrad, In August 1942"
+"  Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.",European governments,were driven,by a spirit of conservatism
+"Early in 1975, the war took a decisive turn.",the war,took,"a decisive turn, Early in 1975"
+" From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene",saints,gaze,upon the scene
+"But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.",the initial enthusiasm,turned,"soon, to hostility"
+This led to a clash of interests among these countries.,This,led,to a clash of interests among these countries
+The Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) emerged in the wake of decolonization that followed World War II.,that,followed,World War II
+"In Israel, the war is remembered as its War of Independence.",the war,is remembered,In Israel
+The damage and destruction caused by this war surpassed all other wars.,The damage,surpassed,all other wars
+This chapter will look at the diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe.,nationalism,came,"through which, into being in nineteenth-century Europe"
+"Soon, Iraq too joined the alliance.",Iraq,joined,"the alliance, Soon"
+"  Born in a poor family near Canton, Dr. Sun Yatsen, the father of modern china was educated in a mission school and became a Christian.",Dr. Sun Yatsen,became,a Christian
+Many independent states emerged during the war.,Many independent states,emerged,during the war
+" In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them",Frédéric Sorrieu,is,a French artist
+"Jawaharlal Nehru, the President of the Congress Session in 1929, led a procession at Lahore and hoisted the tricolour.",Jawaharlal Nehru,hoisted,the tricolour
+"While the French were receiving considerable financial aid from America, the Viet Minh were helped by the new Chinese communist government.",the French,were receiving,considerable financial aid
+Many social reforms were initiated as part of the movement.,Many social reforms,were initiated,as part of the movement
+"The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.",they,were inspired,"by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism"
+It also prohibited public policies or private agreements that restricted market competition.,It,prohibited,"public policies, also"
+They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses.,They,owned,"estates, in the countryside and also town-houses"
+"What we know today as Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.",whose rulers,had,their autonomous territories
+"In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.",independent nation-states,exist,where
+"West Germany was administered by Britain, France and the USA with its capital at Bonn.",West Germany,was administered,"by Britain, France and the USA"
+" People boycotted foreign goods, held demonstrations, picketed liquor shops and carried on the campaigns against British rule.",People,boycotted,foreign goods
+These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem unfolded.,These rivalries,were,very evident
+"As the city of Danzig was mainly inhabited by the Germans, Hitler could easily connect with East Prussia.",Hitler,connect,easily
+"But Ho Chi Minh had established his control very firmly and so, early in 1946, the British and Chinese troops had to withdraw, leaving the French and Viet Minh to confront each other.",Ho Chi Minh,had established,"his control, early in 1946"
+"As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.",a large number,sent,to
+"Further, the Great Depression of 1929–30 also hit the Indian farmers hard.",the Great Depression,hit,the Indian farmers
+The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.,The union,abolished,tariff barriers
+"In 1955 Turkey, Iraq, Great Britain, Pakistan and Iran signed a pact known as Baghdad Pact.",Great Britain,signed,a pact
+The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.,Scotland,is,distinctive culture
+In 1958 the United States joined the organisation and thereafter it came to be known as the Central Treaty Organization.,it,came,known
+"The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.",that,resulted,in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’
+The report demanded Dominion Status for India and aimed at finding solutions to the communal problem in the country.,The report,demanded,Dominion Status
+"The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.",the collection,was,recover
+This chapter will deal with many of the issues visualised by Sorrieu.,This chapter,will deal,with many of the issues visualised by Sorrieu
+Viet Minh formed a government led by Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi.,Viet Minh,formed,a government
+"The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists, leaders of the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and Depressed Classes came together and made Motilal Nehru the Chairman of the Committee.",The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists,is,"leaders, Classes"
+"Gorbachev’s decision to loosen the Soviet control on the countries of Eastern Europe created an independent, democratic momentum.",Gorbachev’s decision,created,"an independent, democratic momentum"
+The government started negotiations with Gandhi (who was in jail) to bring an end to the Civil Disobedience Movement.,The government,started,negotiations
+"Rats, lice, gas, cold, rain and snow were problems faced by the soldiers in trenches.",gas,were,problems
+"This resulted in signing a pact between Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, and Gandhi which came to be known as the ‘Gandhi Irwin Pact’.",This,resulted,"in signing a pact between Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, and Gandhi which came to be known as the ‘Gandhi Irwin Pact’"
+The Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) emerged in the wake of decolonization that followed World War II.,The Non-Alignment Movement,is,NAM
+"In the late 1980s, as USSR’s hold over Eastern European countries was weakening, a mass of people assembled on 9 November 1989 on both sides of the wall and began to demolish it.",a mass,assembled,"on 9 November 1989, on both sides of the wall"
+The Congress in the Kolkata Session asked the government to either accept the Nehru Report or be prepared to face the mass agitations.,The Congress,asked,"the government, prepared"
+"However, as Mayor of Moscow, Yeltsin won great popularity as a champion of political and economic freedom.",Yeltsin,won,great popularity
+"At the Bandung (a city in Indonesia) conference (1955), the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa gave a call for abstaining from allying with any of the two Super Powers.",the newly independent countries,gave,a call
+By 1933 Mao had gained full control of the Chinese Communist party.,Mao,had gained,"full control, By 1933"
+"Succumbing to the pressure of great powers, the UN resolved to partition the British mandate of Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state (29 November 1947).",the UN,resolved,partition
+"However, after Britain won the First World War, it passed many Acts and laws (such as the Rowlatt Act) which aimed at suppressing the Indian National Movement.",Britain,won,the First World War
+"Some countries which became independent after the war were India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China and Ghana.",Some countries,were,"India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Ghana"
+"You will recall that in revolutionary France, which marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men.",the right,was granted,"exclusively, to property-owning men"
+" On 13 April, a large crowd assembled at Jallianwala Bagh protesting against the arrest of some of their leaders who criticised the government for passing the Rowlatt Act.",a large crowd,assembled,at Jallianwala Bagh
+In 1948 the Soviets had established socialist governments in the countries of eastern Europe that had been liberated from the Nazis by the Soviet Army.,the Soviets,had established,socialist governments
+The Kennedy government had received intelligence that the USSR was secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba.,the USSR,installing,"nuclear missiles, in Cuba"
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,is,Austria
+The US retaliated by ending the arrangement by which it bought the bulk of Cuba’s sugar.,it,bought,the bulk
+The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the NonCooperation Movement as the former included non-payment of taxes and land revenues and violation of different laws.,The Civil Disobedience Movement,was,different
+"The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which, however, refused to shelter such a person.",The contractor,fled,"with his family, to a neighbouring village which, however, refused to shelter such a person"
+"Only Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal and Turkey remained neutral.",Only Sweden,is,"Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Turkey"
+"Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.",Most conservatives,propose,a return
+"But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.",its rulers,came,in which
+"This arrangement upset the Arabs since they had expected independence at the end of World War I. Britain’s promise to Zionist leaders that it would allocate one of the Arab lands, Palestine, to Jewish settlers from Europe further embittered the Arabs.",they,had expected,"independence, at the end of World War I. Britain’s"
+Similar female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation.,Similar female allegories,represent,the nation
+The Treaty of Versailles (1919) had provided for mandates in Turkish Arab Empire.,The Treaty,had provided,for mandates in Turkish Arab Empire
+"They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.",They,tolerate,dissent
+France and Britain built large colonial empires in Asia and Africa.,France,built,large colonial empires
+"After much debate, a decision to drop bombs on Japan was taken.",a decision,was taken,After much debate
+"When the government did not accept the Report, the Congress declared ‘Poorna Swaraj’ or complete independence from British rule as its main objective.",the Congress,declared,Poorna Swaraj
+Gandhi’s Satyagraha was based on truth and nonviolence.,Gandhi,was based,on truth and nonviolence
+"  Thus, Turkey was attacked by the British Indian army and the former surrendered on 30 October 1918.",Turkey,was attacked,Thus
+"To secure their interests, nations entered various alliances.",nations,secure,their interests
+"Alarmed by the large participation of people in the movement, the government arrested prominent leaders from Amritsar, and Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.",Gandhi,was barred,from entering Delhi
+But these reforms aroused tremendous opposition from the powerful conservatives and the Dowager-Empress Tzú Hsi.,these reforms,aroused,tremendous opposition
+"Some countries which became independent after the war were India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China and Ghana.",Some countries,were,Ghana
+"Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.",Sardinia-Piedmont,succeeded,"Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour,"
+"To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.",the pattern,was characterised,by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs
+The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.,they,been subjugated,subsequently
+"Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.",Small producers,faced,"with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent"
+"However, effort was made by every country (involved in the politics of the Cold War) not to engage in direct war with a country of the opposing camp.",effort,engage,in direct war
+"Consisting of over 650 delegates from  the Communist Party and other left-wing organizations, the conference elected the Central Governing Council with Mao as its Chairman.",the conference,elected,the Central Governing Council
+The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.,the mantle,fell,"now, on Sardinia-Piedmont, under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II"
+"The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.",practices,been developing,"over a long period of time, in Europe"
+Communists also criticised western style of democracy as they felt that it was meant only for the rich and the upper middle class.,Communists,criticised,"western style, also"
+"One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.",its European subject nationalities,broke,away from its control
+"Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language.",Poland,existed,"Even, no longer, as an independent territory"
+The Congress achieved good results in elections to Legislative Assemblies in the following year and to Provincial Legislative Assemblies in 1937.,The Congress,achieved,"good results, in elections to Legislative Assemblies"
+"But Ho Chi Minh had established his control very firmly and so, early in 1946, the British and Chinese troops had to withdraw, leaving the French and Viet Minh to confront each other.",the British and Chinese troops,leaving,"Viet Minh, confront"
+"The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.",The Bourbon kings,overthrown,by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head
+The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.,Scotland,is,"distinctive culture, political institutions"
+Later Greece and Turkey joined the organization (1952).,Later Greece,joined,the organization
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,announced,"secession, In November 1991"
+"Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science  and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.",Romantic artists,criticised,the glorification
+" France, England and Russia formed the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the effects of the formation of the Triple Alliance.",France,formed,the Triple Entente
+Israel was admitted into the UN immediately much against the wishes of Arabs.,Israel,was admitted,into the UN
+The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.,The Habsburg rulers,granted,"to, more autonomy"
+"When the government did not accept the Report, the Congress declared ‘Poorna Swaraj’ or complete independence from British rule as its main objective.",the government,accept,"the Report, When"
+"  The capitalist countries led by the U.S. were politically designated as the First World, while  the communist states led by the Soviet Union came to be known as the Second world.",The capitalist countries,designated,"politically, as the First World"
+It was not easy to live in trenches.,It,was,easy
+"In a bid to wriggle out  of US control, European countries started the European movement in the form of Council of Europe.",European countries,started,the European movement
+Germany was officially reunited on 3 October 1990.,Germany,reunited,on 3 October 1990
+USA also did not join the League.,USA,join,the League
+"Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.",the autocratic monarchies,began,introduce
+" While USA was following the capitalist model of economy, Soviet Union was following communism.",USA,was following,the capitalist model
+But the idea that societies should be organised into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal.,the idea,be accepted,as natural and universal
+"But his commitment to reform, apart from opposition within the ruling communist party, did not match the resources available to USSR.",his commitment,match,the resources available
+"  Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.",European governments,were driven,"Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, by a spirit of conservatism"
+"After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere.",the Polish language,was forced,After Russian occupation
+A common agricultural policy (CAP) and a common external trade policy were evolved.,A common agricultural policy,is,CAP
+"  Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.",European governments,were driven,Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815
+A few hundred Communists led by Mao retreated into the wild mountains.,Communists,retreated,into the wild mountains
+The United States and its European allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to resist Soviet aggression in Europe (1949).,its European allies,formed,the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
+"The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.",they,is,all
+"  To suppress the rising national sentiments in the country, the government passed the Rowlatt Act which empowered it to imprison any person without trial.",the government,suppress,the rising national sentiments
+"Many colonies such as India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka also participated in the war on the side of the Allies.",Many colonies,participated,"also, in the war, on the side of the Allies"
+Israel saw this as an opportunity to open the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping and put a stop to Egyptian border raids.,Israel,saw,this
+Many police officers were severely punished for refusing to open fire on the mob.,Many police officers,punished,for refusing to open fire on the mob
+Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads.,Food shortages,brought,"the population, on the roads"
+"In the First World War, Britain was fighting against Turkey.",Britain,was fighting,"In the First World War, against Turkey"
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",an All Parties Conference,was organised,in 1928
+"The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.",England,was,able
+The monetary policy and a common currency (euro) to replace national currencies managed by common monetary institutions were subsequently planned and implemented.,a common currency,planned,subsequently
+"As a consequence of this pragmatic policy, the attacks on the communists gradually stopped.",the attacks,stopped,As a consequence of this pragmatic policy
+On May 22 he closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping.,he,closed,the Gulf
+The Governor General should have the power to select and appoint the members of his own cabinet.,The Governor General,should have,the power
+" Thus, a period of uneasy tension followed after the Second World War.",a period,followed,after the Second World War
+"The major member countries included Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom.",The major member countries,included,Portugal
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,Britain,bombed,"other installations, on 31 October"
+"When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.",observers,stand,only
+"The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.",who,installed,a constitutional monarchy
+The Kennedy government had received intelligence that the USSR was secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba.,the USSR,installing,nuclear missiles
+Stockpiling of arms gave rise to stiff competition among the European nations which resulted in the outbreak of the First World War.,Stockpiling,gave,rise
+Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine to France and Schleswig to Denmark.,Germany,lost,Alsace-Lorraine
+The Congress in the Kolkata Session asked the government to either accept the Nehru Report or be prepared to face the mass agitations.,The Congress,asked,"the government, accept, prepared"
+"After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere.",the Polish language,was forced,"After Russian occupation, out of schools and the Russian language"
+"Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.",Karol Kurpinski,turning,"folk dances, into nationalist symbols"
+The US bombed both North and South in the hope that it could force the liberation forces to abandon the struggle.,The US,bombed,"North, in the hope that it could force the liberation forces to abandon the struggle"
+" France, England and Russia formed the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the effects of the formation of the Triple Alliance.",France,counter,the effects
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",Lord Birkenhead,saying,are
+"Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.",that uniform laws,would facilitate,"exchange, from one region to another"
+"The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.",The emphasis,was,carry
+The peasants at Champaran in Bihar were bound by law to grow indigo on 3/20 part of their land.,The peasants,were bound,to grow indigo on 3/20 part of their land.
+Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.,Statues,were erected,in public squares
+Gandhi witnessed racial discrimination in South Africa and soon became the leader of a struggle against racist authorities in the country.,Gandhi,witnessed,racial discrimination
+The Non-Aligned Movement played a limited role in containing the conflict between the two power blocs.,The Non-Aligned Movement,played,a limited role
+"In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.",a customs union,was formed,"In 1834, at the initiative of Prussia"
+"It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.",It,was,"among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity"
+Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.,the cycles,be ended,only
+"The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.",The anti-imperial movements,were,nationalist
+The emergence of the US and the USSR as super powers resulted in the division of the world into two antagonistic blocs.,The emergence,resulted,into two antagonistic blocs
+"The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.",that,meant,in effect
+For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.,the new middle classes liberalism,stood,"For, for freedom for the individual and equality of all, before the law"
+"In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.",peasants,struggled,In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power
+Member countries of SEATO were committed to prevent  communism from gaining ground in the region.,Member countries,prevent,communism
+India contributed significantly to the War by supplying men and materials in the hope that self-government would be granted to them by the British government by the end of the War.,India,contributed,by supplying men and materials in the hope that self-government would be granted to them by the British government by the end of the War
+The government severely suppressed the movement.,The government,suppressed,the movement
+Italy remained neutral for some time and then declared war on Germany (broke the Triple Alliance).,Italy,broke,the Triple Alliance
+"In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.",the Prussian king,is,William I
+"Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language.",national feelings,were kept,through music and language
+Gorbachev made moves to stabilise his position by reliance on conservative forces in 1989 and 1991.,moves,stabilise,his position
+"The measure of cloth, for example, was the elle which in each region stood for a different length.",which,stood,for a different length
+In other words they represented a country as if it were a person.,it,were,a person
+The communists increased their influence among the workers and peasants and obtained recruits for their army.,The communists,obtained,recruits
+The opening of China to western imperialism led to economic exploitation and the impoverishment of the Chinese people.,The opening,led,to economic exploitation and the impoverishment of the Chinese people
+"With the fall of the Berlin Wall, followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cold War era came to an end.",the Cold War era,followed,by the collapse of the Soviet Union
+"  The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.",large numbers,had participated,in which
+"This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria.",which,been partitioned,at the end of the eighteenth century
+Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.,the rebellious nationalities,thought,of their struggles
+This was the deadliest war as over 50 million people including civilians and soldiers died in it.,This,was,the deadliest war
+"Under the Marshall Plan for reconstruction of the war-ravaged Europe, the US won the trust of the great powers in Europe.",the US,won,"the trust, Under the Marshall Plan for reconstruction of the war-ravaged Europe"
+The Western Bloc criticised the communist ideology.,The Western Bloc,criticised,the communist ideology
+By 1933 Mao had gained full control of the Chinese Communist party.,Mao,had gained,full control
+Germany was thus controlling the Baltic Sea and Black Sea.,Germany,controlling,Black Sea
+"Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray.",a large number,joined,the fray
+Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress to fight against the racist policies of the South African government.,Gandhi,formed,the Natal Indian Congress
+"However, the Allied Powers decided at Potsdam that the British in the south and the Chinese in the north should defend Indo-China from the Japanese.",the Allied Powers,decided,defend
+"The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists, leaders of the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and Depressed Classes came together and made Motilal Nehru the Chairman of the Committee.",The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists,is,Classes
+"The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists, leaders of the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and Depressed Classes came together and made Motilal Nehru the Chairman of the Committee.",The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists,came,together
+"Further, the Great Depression of 1929–30 also hit the Indian farmers hard.",the Great Depression,hit,"the Indian farmers, Further"
+Gandhi offered Satyagraha due to which an enquiry was ordered into the miseries of indigo cultivators.,an enquiry,was ordered,into the miseries of indigo cultivators
+" From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene",Christ,gaze,"From the heavens above, upon the scene"
+The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion.,The development,come,about
+The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.,a year,led,to widespread pauperism in town and country
+A wave of demonstrations that swept East Germany led to demolition of the Berlin Wall in 1989.,that,swept,East Germany
+Evincing interest in politics he took part in a rising against the Manchus in 1895.,he,took,"part, in a rising against the Manchus, in 1895"
+"The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.",The creation,harnessing,economic interests
+This filled the political atmosphere of Europe with hatred and fear.,This,filled,the political atmosphere
+"But by the end of the war, ideological differences began to appear between both nations.",ideological differences,began,appear
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",Lord Birkenhead,is,the Secretary
+"The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.",The symbols,Save,Our Noble King
+"West Germany was administered by Britain, France and the USA with its capital at Bonn.",West Germany,was administered,with its capital at Bonn
+In the following year Mao began his fullfledged political activities of Hunan and emerged as a staunch Communist.,Mao,began,"his fullfledged political activities, In the following year"
+" The rise of dictatorship in Germany and Italy weakened the League, which ultimately came to an end with the beginning of the Second World War.",which,came,"ultimately, to an end with the beginning of the Second World War"
+India contributed significantly to the War by supplying men and materials in the hope that self-government would be granted to them by the British government by the end of the War.,India,contributed,to the War
+"The Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, advanced the idea of a European self-help programme to be financed by the United States.",The Secretary,is,George C. Marshall
+In this race the Kuomintang was successful.,the Kuomintang,was,successful
+"Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance and came to be known as Axis powers and Britain, France and the USA came to be known as the Allied powers.",Japan,came,known
+Austria and Hungary became two separate states.,Austria,became,separate states
+"Following this, a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its elegant windowpanes, furniture, porcelain.",a group,forced,"their way, Following this"
+"This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.",This,was,"especially so, in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised"
+Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.,who,had,sympathies
+"The fighters of North Vietnam, trained in guerilla warfare, had grown out of spontaneous struggles against a repressive regime.",The fighters,had grown,against a repressive regime
+"This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.",which,mechanised,partly
+The new German government signed an armistice on 11 November 1918 and the war came to an end.,The new German government,signed,an armistice
+The opposing armies dug trenches to defend themselves from the enemy’s attacks and to launch attacks.,The opposing armies,defend,themselves
+"  The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.",it,was,"the mission, the destiny"
+"Only Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal and Turkey remained neutral.",Only Sweden,is,Spain
+"This arrangement upset the Arabs since they had expected independence at the end of World War I. Britain’s promise to Zionist leaders that it would allocate one of the Arab lands, Palestine, to Jewish settlers from Europe further embittered the Arabs.",it,would allocate,"one, to Jewish settlers from Europe"
+"The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.",the older nations,survived,only as subordinate partners in this union
+The communists increased their influence among the workers and peasants and obtained recruits for their army.,The communists,obtained,"recruits, for their army"
+It was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants.,It,was,a country
+" Initially, Austria–Hungary and Germany were able to invade some territories of the Russian empire.",Hungary,were,able
+It means to accept the hostile demands of an aggressive nation to gain peace.,It,means,accept
+"Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area.",Each power,is,Russia
+"Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.",the kingdom,was set,in the north
+The policy of appeasement was followed by Britain and France towards Germany and Italy as they thought that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were very harsh for the two nations.,The policy,was followed,by Britain and France towards Germany and Italy
+It was also known as the Eastern bloc or the Soviet Bloc.,It,known,as the Eastern bloc or the Soviet Bloc
+"Apart from these, 12 million people died in concentration camps.",people,died,"Apart from these, in concentration camps"
+Israel’s air battle with Syria in April 1967 ended in the shooting down six Syrian MiG fighter jets.,Israel’s air battle,ended,"Syrian MiG fighter jets, in the shooting down"
+"Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.",that modernisation,strengthen,"traditional institutions, in fact"
+"This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.",which,was carried,mainly
+"In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev took over as head of the USSR.",Mikhail Gorbachev,took,"In 1985, as head of the USSR"
+Soviet Russia also attacked Eastern Poland and occupied territories which were part of Russia earlier.,which,were,part
+Turkey had joined the war on the side of the Central Powers.,Turkey,had joined,the war
+"At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was mercilessly beaten up by the police while opposing the Commission.",Lala Lajpat Rai,beaten,by the police
+"As you have seen, nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament.",who,tried,unite
+"The American navy and air force destroyed the Japanese fleet, but Japan firmly held its position in Manchuria and in other places of China.",Japan,held,"its position, firmly"
+"Because of the extent of the spread of the war, damages caused by it and the total impact of the war was till now unprecedented in history, it came to be known as the First World War.",damages,was,Because of the extent of the spread of the war
+"Soon, Iraq too joined the alliance.",Iraq,joined,the alliance
+"Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian.",he,did,Italian
+"In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.",the German oak,stands,for heroism
+But the German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.,that,been set,by Napoleon
+Building of colonies became essential at this time as they not only provided raw materials and minerals for industries but also had great potential to become markets for European manufactured goods.,they,had,great potential
+The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was organized for the collective security of countries in Southeast Asia.,The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization,was organized,for the collective security of countries in Southeast Asia
+Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage.,all adult males,enjoy,"suffrage, Only for a brief period under the Jacobins"
+Japan had joined the Berlin–Rome–Tokyo Axis to further expand its power in the region.,Japan,expand,"its power, further"
+"The United States was much concerned that poverty, unemployment, and dislocation caused by the post-World War II period were increasing the appeal of communist parties in western Europe.",dislocation,were increasing,the appeal
+" From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene",Christ,gaze,From the heavens above
+Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of Austria and Hungary.,Archduke Francis Ferdinand,was,the heir
+Japan declared war on Germany with an aim of conquering German territories in the Far East.,Japan,declared,"war, with an aim of conquering German territories in the Far East"
+"The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists, leaders of the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and Depressed Classes came together and made Motilal Nehru the Chairman of the Committee.",The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists,is,"leaders, Classes"
+The Congress achieved good results in elections to Legislative Assemblies in the following year and to Provincial Legislative Assemblies in 1937.,The Congress,achieved,"good results, in the following year and to Provincial Legislative Assemblies"
+"  As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.",liberalism,associated,"with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland"
+"Besides, civilians were also killed because of air raids, epidemics and famines during the war.",civilians,killed,Besides
+The First Round Table Conference was held in London from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931.,The First Round Table Conference,was held,to 19 January 1931
+"Let us look at Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.",which,sought,develop
+"The bloc comprised Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Australia, Greece, Pakistan and Turkey.",The bloc,comprised,Greece
+Japan had joined the Berlin–Rome–Tokyo Axis to further expand its power in the region.,Japan,expand,its power
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,France,bombed,"Egyptian airfields, on 31 October"
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,is,Uzbekistan
+"Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century.",Industrialisation,began,in England
+"During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.",one,is,Sardinia-Piedmont
+The Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended by Gandhi because of the incident which occurred at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.,The Non-Cooperation Movement,was suspended,"by Gandhi, because of the incident which occurred at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh"
+"Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.",liberalism,had stood,"for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament"
+"The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.",The Scottish Highlanders,were forbidden,wear
+About 53 to 70 million people fought in the war and about nine million people were either wounded or killed during the war.,people,fought,in the war
+The Commission was opposed by the Indians as it had all British and no Indian members in it.,The Commission,was opposed,by the Indians
+"But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.",the English nation,grew,"steadily, in wealth, importance and power"
+Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods.,Duties,levied,often
+"The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples.",The Habsburg Empire,was,a patchwork
+" The first print of the series, shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and social classes – marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it",The first print,offering,homage
+Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931.,Gandhi,launched,"the Civil Disobedience Movement, in 1931"
+"In 1934, the Communist army of about 100,000 set out on the Long March.",the Communist army,set,on the Long March
+Non-Cooperation Movement also promoted social reforms.,Non-Cooperation Movement,promoted,"social reforms, also"
+The Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha supported the decision of the Congress.,the Hindu Mahasabha,supported,the decision of the Congress.
+Germany lost all her colonies to the victorious nations.,Germany,lost,"all her colonies, to the victorious nations"
+"In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.",a customs union,joined,by most of the German states
+"Some of these were Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Yugoslavia.",Some,were,Yugoslavia
+"At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was mercilessly beaten up by the police while opposing the Commission.",Lala Lajpat Rai,beaten,"At Lahore, mercilessly, by the police"
+"This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria.",which,been partitioned,"by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria"
+This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.,This,led,to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War
+These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols.,These ideals,were represented,through specific objects or symbols
+The chief objective of NATO was the peace and security in the North Atlantic region.,The chief objective,was,the peace
+The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.,that,cut,across regional divisions
+"The United States was much concerned that poverty, unemployment, and dislocation caused by the post-World War II period were increasing the appeal of communist parties in western Europe.",The United States,was,much concerned
+" On 13 April, a large crowd assembled at Jallianwala Bagh protesting against the arrest of some of their leaders who criticised the government for passing the Rowlatt Act.",a large crowd,protesting,against the arrest of some of their leaders who criticised the government for passing the Rowlatt Act
+" While USA was following the capitalist model of economy, Soviet Union was following communism.",Soviet Union,was following,communism
+A wave of demonstrations that swept East Germany led to demolition of the Berlin Wall in 1989.,A wave,led,in 1989
+Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods.,Duties,levied,"often, according to the weight or measurement of the goods"
+"One of the tactics employed in the war was the blocking of enemy lines to cut off the supplies of food, war material and raw materials.",One,was,the blocking
+The Congress in the Kolkata Session asked the government to either accept the Nehru Report or be prepared to face the mass agitations.,The Congress,asked,"the government, accept"
+"Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.",they,realised,strengthen
+It had a huge war indemnity and its mineral-rich areas of Saar and Rhineland were occupied by France.,It,had,a huge war indemnity
+Gandhi witnessed racial discrimination in South Africa and soon became the leader of a struggle against racist authorities in the country.,Gandhi,became,the leader
+He advised the Khilafat Committee to adopt a policy of non-cooperation with the government.,He,advised,the Khilafat Committee to adopt a policy of non-cooperation with the government.
+"In 1955 Turkey, Iraq, Great Britain, Pakistan and Iran signed a pact known as Baghdad Pact.",Iraq,signed,"a pact, In 1955"
+Israel’s air battle with Syria in April 1967 ended in the shooting down six Syrian MiG fighter jets.,Israel’s air battle,ended,Syrian MiG fighter jets
+" From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene",angels,gaze,From the heavens above
+"For example, France wanted the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany and Serbia wanted all the Balkan states to unite.",the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine back,wanted,unite
+East Germany was occupied by the Soviet Union with East Berlin as its capital.,East Germany,was occupied,by the Soviet Union
+"President Yeltsin advocated greater autonomy of the Russian Republic, with executive presidential system that would allow him to govern independently of parliament.",that,would allow,govern
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,Britain,bombed,other installations
+"They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.",They,tolerate,criticism
+The Geneva Conference (1954) that met on Korea and Indo China decided that Vietnam was to be an independent state but temporarily divided; the Viet Minh to control the north and Bao Dai to head the government the south.,The Geneva Conference,is,1954
+"The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.",which,had seized,"power, at the end of a protracted conflict"
+"Thus, they took no action when Germany militarised Rhineland and captured Austria and Czechoslovakia.",Germany,militarised,Rhineland
+"The Government realised the need for passing the constitutional reforms and thus passed the Government of India Act, 1935, which introduced the principles of federation and provincial autonomy.",The Government,passed,"the Government, thus"
+"  As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.",nationalism,associated,increasingly
+"The American navy and air force destroyed the Japanese fleet, but Japan firmly held its position in Manchuria and in other places of China.",The American navy,destroyed,the Japanese fleet
+"The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.",The concept,been developing,"over a long period of time, in Europe"
+Member countries of SEATO were committed to prevent  communism from gaining ground in the region.,Member countries,prevent,"communism, from gaining ground in the region"
+"This commonness did not exist from time immemorial; it was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common people.",This commonness,exist,from time immemorial
+"Wearing a disguised pistol and carrying an olive branch and dressed in a military uniform, his appearance raised world awareness of the Palestinian cause.",his appearance,Wearing,a disguised pistol
+"On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.",elected representatives,convened,in the Church of St Paul
+The Sultan of Turkey was regarded as the ‘Caliph’ or the religious head of the Muslims.,The Sultan,was regarded,as the ‘Caliph’ or the religious head of the Muslims
+"With Gorbachev’s introduction of democratic elections for the Soviet parliament, Yeltsin was returned to power with overwhelming support of a Moscow constituency in 1989.",Yeltsin,was returned,with overwhelming support of a Moscow constituency
+This chapter will look at the diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe.,This chapter,will look,at the diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe
+Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples.,Central Europe,lived,diverse peoples
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",the Indians,arrive,"hence, to an agreed scheme of reforms"
+The government brutally suppressed these protests.,The government,suppressed,"these protests, brutally"
+The Berlin Wall was more than just a physical barrier.,The Berlin Wall,was,more
+"Some of these were Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Yugoslavia.",Some,were,Latvia
+"  To suppress the rising national sentiments in the country, the government passed the Rowlatt Act which empowered it to imprison any person without trial.",the government,passed,the Rowlatt Act
+"On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.",elected representatives,marched,On 18 May 1848
+"Today the European Union has 28 member states, and functions from its headquarters at Brussels, Belgium.",the European Union,has,functions
+"When the Allies marched to Berlin to capture it, Hitler committed suicide, and on 7 May 1945, the last of the German armies surrendered.",the last,surrendered,on 7 May 1945
+The USSR was no more.,The USSR,was,more
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",the Indians,arrive,hence
+" In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them",Frédéric Sorrieu,prepared,a series
+"The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.",which,had seized,"power, from the monarchy"
+"The latter had Hungarian, Serbian, Bosnian and Croats who spoke different languages and cultural traditions.",who,spoke,different languages
+"  As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.",conservative regimes,tried,consolidate
+Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.,Even the Italian language,had,many regional and local variations
+" Germany conquered Norway, Denmark, Holland and Belgium by May 1940.",Germany,conquered,Holland
+"As a result, many small nations lost faith in the League, and they entered alliances with other countries to protect their interests.",they,protect,their interests
+"In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.",the aristocracy,enjoyed,"power, still"
+"But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.",a nation-state,was,one
+"Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom  associated with the French Revolution.",Most,imposed,censorship laws
+"After 1952, the Japanese had to administer their own affairs.",the Japanese,had,administer
+"However, under pressure of world opinion, Britain and France ended hostilities on 6 November.",France,ended,hostilities
+The report demanded Dominion Status for India and aimed at finding solutions to the communal problem in the country.,The report,aimed,at finding solutions to the communal problem in the country
+" In short, the Civil Disobedience Movement ignited national feelings among the people and trained them for launching new movements against the British rule.",the Civil Disobedience Movement,trained,them
+"During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.",nationalism,emerged,During the nineteenth century
+" In short, the Civil Disobedience Movement ignited national feelings among the people and trained them for launching new movements against the British rule.",the Civil Disobedience Movement,ignited,"national feelings, In short"
+"  As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.",nationalism,associated,"with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland"
+He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.,He,formed,"a secret society, also"
+"Because of the extent of the spread of the war, damages caused by it and the total impact of the war was till now unprecedented in history, it came to be known as the First World War.",the total impact,was,Because of the extent of the spread of the war
+"The Single European Act came into force on July 1, 1987.",The Single European Act,came,"on July 1, 1987"
+In doing so the Europeans wanted to prevent further European wars by ending the rivalry between France and Germany.,the Europeans,wanted,prevent
+"Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.",Culture,helped,"express, shape"
+The Kennedy government had received intelligence that the USSR was secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba.,the USSR,installing,"nuclear missiles, secretly"
+" In April 1945, the Germans were caught between the British and Americans on one side and Russians on the other.",the Germans,were caught,In April 1945
+"  Though the movement did not bring freedom to the country, it played an important role in deepening the freedom struggle of the people.",it,played,an important role
+"During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.",one,was ruled,"of which, by an Italian princely house"
+" From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene",saints,gaze,"From the heavens above, upon the scene"
+The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830.,The first upheaval,took,"place, in July 1830"
+"  Born in a poor family near Canton, Dr. Sun Yatsen, the father of modern china was educated in a mission school and became a Christian.",Dr. Sun Yatsen,Born,in a poor family near Canton
+"The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.",which,had seized,power
+Italy annexed Ethiopia (Africa) in 1936 .,Italy,annexed,Ethiopia
+"President Yeltsin advocated greater autonomy of the Russian Republic, with executive presidential system that would allow him to govern independently of parliament.",that,would allow,govern
+"The East European communist states, under the Soviet umbrella, were also in a deep economic and social crisis.",The East European communist states,were,"also, in a deep economic and social crisis"
+"Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.",equality,stand,necessarily
+They sustained their resistance without bowing to the US.,They,sustained,"their resistance, without bowing to the US"
+"  From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.",the French revolutionaries,introduced,various measures
+The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.,The July Revolution,sparked,an uprising
+Establishment of Council of Europe to act independently of the influence of USA that later developed into European Common Market and into European Union today is explained.,Establishment,act,independently of the influence of USA that later developed into European Common Market and into European Union today
+"While Bulgaria withdrew from the war, Turkey surrendered to the Allies in 1918.",Turkey,surrendered,"to the Allies, in 1918"
+"  Thus, Turkey was attacked by the British Indian army and the former surrendered on 30 October 1918.",Turkey,surrendered,on 30 October 1918
+"They were admitted to the U.N. as independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.",They,were admitted,"to the U.N., as independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania"
+The government should be given unlimited powers in certain matters like internal security.,The government,be given,unlimited powers
+"  Born in a poor family near Canton, Dr. Sun Yatsen, the father of modern china was educated in a mission school and became a Christian.",Dr. Sun Yatsen,was educated,in a mission school
+"While the French were receiving considerable financial aid from America, the Viet Minh were helped by the new Chinese communist government.",the French,were receiving,"considerable financial aid, from America"
+Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples.,Eastern,were,under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which
+The Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement thus started on 31 August 1920.,The Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement,started,"thus, on 31 August 1920"
+"Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance and came to be known as Axis powers and Britain, France and the USA came to be known as the Allied powers.",Italy,came,known
+Gandhi demanded talks with Viceroy Willingdon which was refused.,Gandhi,demanded,talks
+"Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.",the French armies,were welcomed,"Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, as harbingers of liberty"
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,is,Georgia
+"In a bid to wriggle out  of US control, European countries started the European movement in the form of Council of Europe.",European countries,started,"the European movement, In a bid to wriggle out  of US control"
+Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of  countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states.,Napoleon’s administrative measures,had created,"a confederation, out of  countless small principalities"
+"The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists, leaders of the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and Depressed Classes came together and made Motilal Nehru the Chairman of the Committee.",The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists,is,Classes
+A part of German land route to Poland and the Port of Danzig were conceded to Poland.,A part,were conceded,to Poland
+"Some countries which became independent after the war were India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China and Ghana.",Some countries,were,India
+" In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume",the peoples,are grouped,In Sorrieu’s utopian vision
+"The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.",The Civil Code,secured,the right
+" Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states",Switzerland,are,way past the statue of Liberty
+"However, under pressure of world opinion, Britain and France ended hostilities on 6 November.",France,ended,"hostilities, under pressure of world opinion"
+"In March the two governments (French and Viet Minh) reached an agreement by which North Vietnam was to be a free state, within an Indo-Chinese Federation.",the two governments,reached,an agreement
+It was later joined by Japan.,It,joined,by Japan
+In May 1949 ten countries met in London and signed to form a Council of Europe.,countries,met,"In May 1949, in London"
+"In a bid to wriggle out  of US control, European countries started the European movement in the form of Council of Europe.",European countries,started,"the European movement, in the form of Council of Europe"
+"While Bulgaria withdrew from the war, Turkey surrendered to the Allies in 1918.",Turkey,surrendered,to the Allies
+"While Japan occupied German possessions in East Asia, Britain and France captured many German colonies in Africa.",Japan,occupied,German possessions
+"Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science  and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.",Romantic artists,focused,"instead, on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings"
+On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.,a large crowd,emerged,"On 4 June at 2 p.m., from their homes"
+"Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom  associated with the French Revolution.",Most,reflected,the ideas
+"Although USA and the Soviet Union never fought a war with each other, they were extremely hostile to the other.",the Soviet Union,fought,"a war, with each other"
+"The NAM held its first conference at Belgrade in 1961 under the leadership of Tito (Yugoslavia), Nasser (Egypt), Nehru (India), Nkrumah (Ghana) and Sukarno (Indonesia).",The NAM,held,its first conference
+"When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.",the deputies,offered,"the crown, on these terms"
+"As a consequence of this pragmatic policy, the attacks on the communists gradually stopped.",the attacks,stopped,"As a consequence of this pragmatic policy, gradually"
+"Six countries (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg belonging to ECSC signed the treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC) or the European Common Market, with headquarters at Brussels.",countries,is,Holland
+The government started negotiations with Gandhi (who was in jail) to bring an end to the Civil Disobedience Movement.,The government,bring,an end
+"Countries which were part of this bloc were Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.",Countries,were,"Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania"
+"A  National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work.",A  National Assembly,proclaimed,a Republic
+Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.,the cycles,be ended,by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries
+Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.,Even the Italian language,acquired,common form
+"The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.",The symbols,is,the British flag
+"  On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.",an assembly,gathered,On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871
+Another group broke into the storehouse and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds .,they,tore,which
+Soviet Russia also attacked Eastern Poland and occupied territories which were part of Russia earlier.,Soviet Russia,attacked,Eastern Poland
+"Many other nations such as Germany, Italy and Japan competed with other powers to establish their colonies.",Many other nations,competed,with other powers
+"Cold War developments are illustrated with cases of Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Arab-Israeli Wars and Vietnam War.",War developments,are illustrated,"with cases of Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Arab-Israeli Wars and Vietnam War"
+"USA refused to join the League, and the powerful member nations followed the policy of appeasement and were not interested in maintaining the principle of collective responsibility.",the powerful member nations,followed,the policy
+"He launched an attack in June 1950, with the tacit support of Stalin.",He,launched,an attack
+"A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.",A modern army,is,"an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy"
+"  In September 1949, before fighting had ended in the south of China, the people’s Political Consultative Conference met in Peking.",people’s Political Consultative Conference,met,In September 1949
+"The bloc comprised Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Australia, Greece, Pakistan and Turkey.",The bloc,comprised,Italy
+"During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.",Italy,was divided,"During the middle of the nineteenth century, into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house"
+"But Ho Chi Minh had established his control very firmly and so, early in 1946, the British and Chinese troops had to withdraw, leaving the French and Viet Minh to confront each other.",Ho Chi Minh,had established,his control
+"  In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.",liberalism,stood,for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital
+"However, its economy was suffering, and was unable to match the productive capacity of the first world.",its economy,was,unable
+" The rise of dictatorship in Germany and Italy weakened the League, which ultimately came to an end with the beginning of the Second World War.",The rise,weakened,the League
+"In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.",they,marched,"In 1860, into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies"
+"After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.",Ireland,incorporated,forcibly
+"Following this, a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its elegant windowpanes, furniture, porcelain.",a group,forced,their way
+"In 1955 Turkey, Iraq, Great Britain, Pakistan and Iran signed a pact known as Baghdad Pact.",Iran,signed,"a pact, In 1955"
+"  Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France.",Napoleon,set,"Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France"
+" In August 1942, Hitler targeted Stalingrad, but the frigid temperature and counter attack by the Soviet troops forced the Germans to surrender.",the frigid temperature and counter attack,forced,"the Germans, surrender"
+"  The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.",large numbers,had participated,"in which, actively, over the years"
+"  After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution.",nationalism,moved,away from its association with democracy and revolution
+A part of German land route to Poland and the Port of Danzig were conceded to Poland.,the Port,were conceded,to Poland
+A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5 per cent at each one of them.,A merchant,have had,pass
+"The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.",a centralised power,exercised,"sovereign control, over a clearly defined territory"
+"The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.",whose inhabitants,known,broadly
+" From 1893 to 1914, Gandhi practised law in South Africa.",Gandhi,practised,"law, From 1893 to 1914"
+" In April 1945, the Germans were caught between the British and Americans on one side and Russians on the other.",the Germans,were caught,on one side and Russians
+"At the end of October 1945, the Jewish underground organizations like Irgun Zvai  Leumi (Zionist Para-military Organization) and the Stern Gang (Zionist Terrorist Organization) began to launch terror attacks on a large scale.",the Jewish underground organizations,began,launch
+They were treated with scorn and threats alternately.,They,were treated,with scorn and threats
+"In 1917 and 1918, Gandhi was involved in three significant struggles—in Champaran (Bihar), in Ahmedabad and in Kheda in Gujarat.",Gandhi,was involved,"In 1917 and 1918, in three significant struggles—in Champaran (Bihar), in Ahmedabad and in Kheda in Gujarat"
+"The latter had Hungarian, Serbian, Bosnian and Croats who spoke different languages and cultural traditions.",The latter,had,Serbian
+"He chose salt as the Salt Tax was affecting every section of Indian society, especially the poor.",He,chose,salt
+Machine guns and heavy artillery made the life above ground very dangerous.,heavy artillery,made,"the life, above ground"
+"Some of these were Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Yugoslavia.",Some,were,Lithuania
+Second Round Table Conference was attended by Gandhi.,Second Round Table Conference,was attended,by Gandhi
+This bloc was led by USSR.,This bloc,was led,by USSR
+The increase in military budget further strained the Soviet economy.,The increase,strained,"the Soviet economy, further"
+It was heavily guarded with watch towers and other lethal impediments to stop people from the East.,It,guarded,with watch towers and other lethal impediments
+"In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.",peasants,struggled,under the burden of feudal dues and obligations
+"The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.",The term,meaning,free
+Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.,artists,lauded,Greece
+In 1928 he was successful in capturing Peking.,he,was,successful
+The policy of appeasement was followed by Britain and France towards Germany and Italy as they thought that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were very harsh for the two nations.,they,thought,were
+"Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.",Women,had formed,their own political associations
+This Viet Minh government quickly occupied the southern half of Vietnam.,This Viet Minh government,occupied,"the southern half, quickly"
+In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.,Victor Emmanuel II,was proclaimed,In 1861
+It was led by the USA.,It,was led,by the USA
+Britain and France were suspicious of the growing military strength of Germany.,France,were,suspicious
+"The major member countries included Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom.",The major member countries,included,Canada
+"Instead they waged war on political, economic and ideological fronts.",they,waged,war
+" While Britain, France, Russia and their allies came to be known as the Allied Powers, Germany, Austria–Hungary and their allies came to be known as the Central Powers.",Britain,came,known
+"In 1917 and 1918, Gandhi was involved in three significant struggles—in Champaran (Bihar), in Ahmedabad and in Kheda in Gujarat.",Gandhi,was involved,"in three significant struggles—in Champaran (Bihar), in Ahmedabad and in Kheda in Gujarat"
+But the idea that societies should be organised into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal.,societies,be organised,into ‘nation-states’
+"But Ho Chi Minh had established his control very firmly and so, early in 1946, the British and Chinese troops had to withdraw, leaving the French and Viet Minh to confront each other.",the British and Chinese troops,had,established
+This march has become legendary.,This march,has become,legendary
+Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.,the Balkans,became,the scene
+"In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.",Napoleon,simplified,"administrative divisions, in Switzerland"
+"However, effort was made by every country (involved in the politics of the Cold War) not to engage in direct war with a country of the opposing camp.",effort,engage,with a country of the opposing camp
+"This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria.",This,was,"especially so, in the case of Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria"
+The Muslim population in India started the Khilafat Movement under the leadership of Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.,The Muslim population,started,the Khilafat Movement
+"  In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.",a large number,came,together
+Russia supported Serbia and started making preparations for war.,Russia,supported,Serbia
+" France, England and Russia formed the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the effects of the formation of the Triple Alliance.",England,counter,the effects
+The city of Saigon was renamed as Ho Chi- Minh City after the great leader of the Vietnamese people.,The city,was renamed,after the great leader of the Vietnamese people
+"To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.",the pattern,was characterised,"in Eastern and Central Europe, by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs"
+"The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.",The creation,stimulated,"mobility, further"
+" The Maastricht (Netherlands) Treaty signed on February 7, 1992, created the European Union.",The Maastricht (Netherlands) Treaty,created,the European Union
+"The Government realised the need for passing the constitutional reforms and thus passed the Government of India Act, 1935, which introduced the principles of federation and provincial autonomy.",The Government,realised,the need
+" After Castro took power, the US-owned oil refineries on the island refused to process Russian oil.",the US-owned oil refineries,refused,process
+France and Britain built large colonial empires in Asia and Africa.,Britain,built,"large colonial empires, in Asia and Africa"
+Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.,Greece,been,part
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,is,"Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria"
+"Countries which were part of this bloc were Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.",Countries,were,Albania
+"As the city of Danzig was mainly inhabited by the Germans, Hitler could easily connect with East Prussia.",Hitler,connect,with East Prussia
+"As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.",a large number,were put,"As a result, in jail"
+"France, as you would remember, was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under the rule of an absolute monarch.",France,was,a full-fledged territorial state
+Salt Laws were violated all over the country.,Salt Laws,were violated,all over the country
+"  The axis powers—Germany, Italy and Japan—were defeated in the war.",The axis powers,is,Italy
+"With Gorbachev’s introduction of democratic elections for the Soviet parliament, Yeltsin was returned to power with overwhelming support of a Moscow constituency in 1989.",Yeltsin,was returned,to power
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",Lord Birkenhead,saying,arrive
+"In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev took over as head of the USSR.",Mikhail Gorbachev,took,as head of the USSR
+" Soon afterwards, many other countries joined the war.",many other countries,joined,the war
+" The heads of three powerful countries—President Roosevelt of America, Prime Minister Churchill of Britain and Stalin of Soviet Union convened a conference of representatives of all nations at San Francisco and drew up the ‘Charter of the United Nations’.",The heads,drew,the ‘Charter
+"Mao, who was very fond of reading, soon showed his ability and entered the Junior College at Changsha.",Mao,showed,"his ability, soon"
+In 1948 the Soviets had established socialist governments in the countries of eastern Europe that had been liberated from the Nazis by the Soviet Army.,the Soviets,had established,"socialist governments, in the countries of eastern Europe that had been liberated from the Nazis by the Soviet Army"
+"Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language.",Poland,existed,Even
+"Countries which were part of this bloc were Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.",Countries,were,Bulgaria
+" In 1949 the French attempted to secure the support of the population by declaring Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia independent within the French Union, retaining only foreign affairs and defence under French control.",the French,attempted,secure
+Both countries followed policies to strengthen themselves and to weaken the other.,Both countries,weaken,the other
+It was heavily guarded with watch towers and other lethal impediments to stop people from the East.,It,guarded,heavily
+Brutal repression measures were used by the government to Protests against the Simon Commission suppress the popular opposition.,Brutal repression measures,were used,"by the government, to Protests against the Simon Commission"
+"At the Kolkata Session in 1920, the Congress passed the resolution of the Non-Cooperation Movement.",the Congress,passed,"the resolution, At the Kolkata Session"
+"The major member countries included Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom.",The major member countries,included,Norway
+"On 1 September 1939, the German armies marched into Poland.",the German armies,marched,On 1 September 1939
+Depressed classes were now given entry into temples and access to wells.,Depressed classes,given,"entry, now"
+Germany launched rapid military strikes on enemy lines.,Germany,launched,rapid military strikes
+" This incident aroused the indignation of the Americans, and thus, the latter joined the Second World War on 8 December 1941.",This incident,aroused,the indignation
+"The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.",The Scottish Highlanders,were forbidden,"speak, wear"
+Both countries followed policies to strengthen themselves and to weaken the other.,Both countries,strengthen,themselves
+"Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s three principles were Nationalism, Democracy, and People’s livelihood with Socialism as the ultimate object.",sen’s three principles,were,"Nationalism, Democracy, People"
+"  Though the movement did not bring freedom to the country, it played an important role in deepening the freedom struggle of the people.",the movement,bring,"freedom, to the country"
+"Satyagraha was a fearless, truthful and peaceful technique aimed at fighting injustice.",Satyagraha,was,"a fearless, truthful and peaceful technique"
+"In Egypt, in a coup in 1952, Colonel Nasser became its President.",Colonel Nasser,became,its President
+"When the Allies marched to Berlin to capture it, Hitler committed suicide, and on 7 May 1945, the last of the German armies surrendered.",the Allies,marched,capture
+A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture.,A new ‘British nation,was forged,through the propagation of a dominant English culture
+In 1918 a Society for the Study of Marxism was formed in Peking University.,a Society,was formed,"In 1918, in Peking University"
+It also pledged to fight all forms of colonialism and imperialism.,It,pledged,fight
+"It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist) was popularised.",It,was,popularised
+"To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.",the bulk,was farmed,"To the west, by tenants and small owners"
+The Kennedy government had received intelligence that the USSR was secretly installing nuclear missiles in Cuba.,The Kennedy government,had received,intelligence
+"Countries which were part of this bloc were Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.",which,were,part
+The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.,each,hoped,gain
+The League however had some limitations too.,The League,had,"some limitations, however"
+It could make state power more effective and strong.,It,could make,more effective
+"But meanwhile, many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European powers in the nineteenth century began to oppose imperial domination.",which,been colonised,by the European powers in the nineteenth century
+"The major member countries included Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom.",The major member countries,included,France
+"In March the two governments (French and Viet Minh) reached an agreement by which North Vietnam was to be a free state, within an Indo-Chinese Federation.",North Vietnam,was,be
+A revolution broke out in Germany and he became a republic.,A revolution,broke,in Germany
+The policy of appeasement was followed by Britain and France towards Germany and Italy as they thought that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were very harsh for the two nations.,the terms,were,very harsh
+"  In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.",a large number,came,in the city of Frankfurt
+"Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.",equality,stand,Yet
+"On 3rd September, France and Britain declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of the Second World War.",Britain,marking,the beginning
+Mao was born in Hunan in south-east China.,Mao,was born,"in Hunan, in south-east China"
+"Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.",a common national currency,would facilitate,"exchange, from one region to another"
+On 29 October Israeli forces invaded Egypt.,Israeli forces,invaded,"Egypt, On 29 October"
+"For example, the ‘Prabhat Pheris’ (groups of men and women who roamed in the village and town singing patriotic songs) became popular.",the ‘Prabhat Pheris,is,groups
+Though Israel suffered heavy casualties it finally pushed back the Arab forces.,Israel,suffered,heavy casualties
+For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.,the new middle classes liberalism,stood,For
+All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.,All,had,their own cultural and political traditions
+"  Soon, war broke out in all of Europe.",war,broke,Soon
+A small country had succeeded in winning independence and unification in the face of the armed opposition of the greatest power in the world.,A small country,had succeeded,in winning independence and unification in the face of the armed opposition of the greatest power in the world
+"Many colonies such as India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka also participated in the war on the side of the Allies.",Many colonies,participated,on the side of the Allies
+In the 1970s and early 1980s the Soviet Union continued to retain a strong and dominant position in international politics.,the Soviet Union,continued,retain
+Another group broke into the storehouse and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds .,Another group,plundered,it
+"  The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.",large numbers,had participated,actively
+"However, effort was made by every country (involved in the politics of the Cold War) not to engage in direct war with a country of the opposing camp.",effort,was made,"However, by every country (involved in the politics of the Cold War)"
+Both countries formed alliances and began piling up nuclear weapons.,Both countries,began,piling
+Assad respectively concluded a secret agreement in January 1973 to bring their armies under one command.,Assad,concluded,"a secret agreement, in January 1973"
+"Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.",standardised weights,would facilitate,"exchange, from one region to another"
+"However, after Britain won the First World War, it passed many Acts and laws (such as the Rowlatt Act) which aimed at suppressing the Indian National Movement.",Britain,passed,laws
+"The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.",The Bourbon dynasty,was restored,to power
+"The people in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Central Provinces refused to obey the Forest Laws.",The people,refused,obey
+"In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed.",an armed rebellion,took,"place, In 1831"
+Germany formed an alliance with Austria and Hungary which was later joined by Italy in 1882.,which,joined,later
+"The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.",which,had seized,"power, in 1688"
+These struggles brought Gandhi into close contact with the masses.,These struggles,brought,"Gandhi, into close contact with the masses"
+"Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.",Genoa,was added,to Piedmont
+"The Conference saw the demand of separate electorates was raised not only by Muslims but also by people of depressed classes, Anglo Indians, Indian Christians and Europeans.",The Conference,saw,raised
+The Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement thus started on 31 August 1920.,The Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement,started,on 31 August 1920
+"  The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.",The issue,was,one
+Germany was thus controlling the Baltic Sea and Black Sea.,Germany,controlling,"the Baltic Sea, thus"
+The government brutally suppressed the movement.,The government,suppressed,the movement
+Despite this they were denied  suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly.,they,were denied,"suffrage rights, during the election of the Assembly"
+"The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.",The Scottish Highlanders,were forbidden,speak
+Israel saw this as an opportunity to open the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping and put a stop to Egyptian border raids.,Israel,saw,"this, as an opportunity to open the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping and put a stop to Egyptian border raids"
+This aroused anti-German feelings in the USA.,This,aroused,anti-German feelings
+Many police officers were severely punished for refusing to open fire on the mob.,Many police officers,punished,severely
+"Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.",Culture,helped,shape
+This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states.,Germany,be unified,as nation-states
+"On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.",elected representatives,marched,"On 18 May 1848, in a festive procession"
+This created tensions among the other nations.,This,created,tensions
+"Sadat offered the Israelis a peace deal, if they withdrew from Sinai.",they,withdrew,from Sinai
+The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.,The union,reduced,the number
+"The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.",whose inhabitants,known,as the Slavs
+"Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance and came to be known as Axis powers and Britain, France and the USA came to be known as the Allied powers.",Italy,be known,as the Allied powers
+"Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language.",Poland,existed,as an independent territory
+Japan captured Manchuria (China) in 1931  .,Japan,captured,"Manchuria, in 1931  "
+"The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.",who,been restored,to power
+"Following this, a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its elegant windowpanes, furniture, porcelain.",a group,smashed,porcelain
+"The major member countries included Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom.",The major member countries,included,Italy
+The Congress supported the British government during the First World War.,The Congress,supported,the British government
+"But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.",the new administrative arrangements,go,"in hand, with political freedom"
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,is,Britain
+"The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of Italia, and believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife.",The peasant masses,believed,was
+Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.,Their families,connected,by ties of marriage
+"However, its economy was suffering, and was unable to match the productive capacity of the first world.",its economy,was suffering,However
+Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 and made an extensive tour of the country in the next three years.,Gandhi,returned,in January 1915
+Yeltsin was first an ally of Gorbachev.,Yeltsin,was,an ally
+"The Conference saw the demand of separate electorates was raised not only by Muslims but also by people of depressed classes, Anglo Indians, Indian Christians and Europeans.",the demand,was raised,not only by Muslims but also by people of depressed classes
+About 53 to 70 million people fought in the war and about nine million people were either wounded or killed during the war.,people,killed,during the war
+In May 1949 ten countries met in London and signed to form a Council of Europe.,countries,met,In May 1949
+"Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.",wars,ended,in Prussian victory
+Other Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk.,Gottfried Herder,claimed,was
+The government repressed the movement brutally.,The government,repressed,"the movement, brutally"
+"Some countries which became independent after the war were India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China and Ghana.",Some countries,were,China
+"European ideas of nationalism were nowhere replicated, for people everywhere developed their own specific variety of nationalism.",people everywhere,developed,their own specific variety
+"Under the Marshall Plan for reconstruction of the war-ravaged Europe, the US won the trust of the great powers in Europe.",the US,won,the trust
+On his death in 1916 a new President was appointed for the next twelve years but the government was central only in name.,a new President,was appointed,On his death in 1916
+"In the Arab world, it is treated as the Nakbah (“Catastrophe”) as a large number of Arabs became refugees.",a large number,became,refugees
+"The latter had Hungarian, Serbian, Bosnian and Croats who spoke different languages and cultural traditions.",The latter,had,Croats
+" In 1915, the German U Boats sunk a British passenger ship called ‘Lusitania’.",the German U Boats,sunk,a British passenger ship
+"West Germany was administered by Britain, France and the USA with its capital at Bonn.",West Germany,was administered,"by Britain, France and the USA, with its capital at Bonn"
+"Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century.",it,occurred,in France and parts of the German states
+"Thus, the USA feared that if Allied Powers lost the war, she would not be able to recover the money.",Allied Powers,lost,the war
+Earlier Soviet regimes had used severe repression to quell such uprisings.,Earlier Soviet regimes,had used,severe repression
+Assad respectively concluded a secret agreement in January 1973 to bring their armies under one command.,Assad,concluded,a secret agreement
+" France, England and Russia formed the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the effects of the formation of the Triple Alliance.",Russia,counter,the effects
+"Jawaharlal Nehru, the President of the Congress Session in 1929, led a procession at Lahore and hoisted the tricolour.",Jawaharlal Nehru,is,the President
+The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.,The first clear expression,came,in 1789
+"When France and Britain gave an ultimatum to Germany, the latter attacked France.",France,gave,"to, an ultimatum"
+"  Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France.",Napoleon,set,Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control
+"Women participated in the movement in large numbers, and they became equal partners in the freedom struggle.",Women,participated,in the movement in large numbers
+The Second World War broke out in 1939.,The Second World War,broke,in 1939
+It also conquered the British and American territories in China.,It,conquered,"the British and American territories, also"
+"Because of the extent of the spread of the war, damages caused by it and the total impact of the war was till now unprecedented in history, it came to be known as the First World War.",it,be known,as the First World War
+"As a result, many small nations lost faith in the League, and they entered alliances with other countries to protect their interests.",many small nations,lost,faith
+"On 3rd September, France and Britain declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of the Second World War.",Britain,declared,"war, On 3rd September"
+He withdrew the movement on 12 February 1922.,He,withdrew,"the movement, on 12 February 1922"
+In the aftermath of Second World War a new era began.,a new era,began,In the aftermath of Second World War
+Gandhi offered Satyagraha due to which an enquiry was ordered into the miseries of indigo cultivators.,Gandhi,offered,Satyagraha
+A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.,A series,prevent,French expansion
+Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress to fight against the racist policies of the South African government.,Gandhi,fight,against the racist policies of the South African government
+"But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.",its rulers,shared,descent
+"In order to maintain a parity with the US, in the context of President Reagan’s Star Wars programme, it became necessary for the Soviet Union to allocate more funds to the military.",it,became,necessary
+"In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.",Russia,was given,part
+They feared that Germany might become a communist power.,They,feared,become
+"With Gorbachev’s introduction of democratic elections for the Soviet parliament, Yeltsin was returned to power with overwhelming support of a Moscow constituency in 1989.",Yeltsin,was returned,in 1989
+The cities and railways soon fell into their hands.,The cities,fell,"soon, into their hands"
+"As the city of Danzig was mainly inhabited by the Germans, Hitler could easily connect with East Prussia.",the city,inhabited,"mainly, by the Germans"
+"Thus, they took no action when Germany militarised Rhineland and captured Austria and Czechoslovakia.",Germany,captured,Czechoslovakia
+But on each occasion he was interrupted by massive miners’ strike which came close to cripple the country’s energy supplies.,which,cripple,energy supplies
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,France,bombed,the Suez Canal area
+"While Bulgaria withdrew from the war, Turkey surrendered to the Allies in 1918.",Turkey,surrendered,in 1918
+The Indian National Movement from 1919 to 1947 is also known as the Gandhian Era primarily because the period was dominated by Gandhi and his policies.,The Indian National Movement,known,also
+"Therefore, people of East Berlin moved to West Berlin in large numbers.",people,moved,to West Berlin
+On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.,a large crowd,emerged,from their homes
+Many police officers were severely punished for refusing to open fire on the mob.,Many police officers,punished,"severely, for refusing to open fire on the mob"
+"During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.",nationalism,emerged,as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe
+Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.,Louis Philippe,was forced,flee
+The unity of China under Yuan Shih-kai lasted for four years.,The unity,lasted,for four years
+"In West Berlin, on the other hand, there was a fear that the Soviets could use military force to take West Berlin.",the Soviets,could use,"military force, take"
+"In the Arab world, it is treated as the Nakbah (“Catastrophe”) as a large number of Arabs became refugees.",it,is treated,"In the Arab world, as the Nakbah (“Catastrophe”)"
+High Courts should work under the control of the Central Government.,High Courts,should work,under the control of the Central Government
+"While the French were receiving considerable financial aid from America, the Viet Minh were helped by the new Chinese communist government.",the Viet Minh,were helped,by the new Chinese communist government
+" In the Battle of Britain, the German air force began bombing the British territories.",the German air force,began,bombing
+"They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.",They,took,"advantage, of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association"
+"  Thus, Turkey was attacked by the British Indian army and the former surrendered on 30 October 1918.",Turkey,was attacked,"Thus, by the British Indian army and the former"
+"An elle of textile material bought in Frankfurt would get you 54.7 cm of cloth, in Mainz 55.1 cm, in Nuremberg 65.6 cm, in Freiburg 53.5 cm.",An elle,would get,"you, cm"
+"Some countries which became independent after the war were India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China and Ghana.",which,became,independent
+It was fought by several nations and affected almost all countries.,It,affected,countries
+"This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria.",This,was,especially so
+"  Soon, war broke out in all of Europe.",war,broke,in all of Europe
+The following year he was elected President of Russia over Gorbachev’s objections.,he,was elected,over Gorbachev
+The chief objective of NATO was the peace and security in the North Atlantic region.,The chief objective,was,security
+It was fought between France and Britain on one side and Germany on the other side.,It,was fought,on the other side
+"As a result, many small nations lost faith in the League, and they entered alliances with other countries to protect their interests.",many small nations,lost,"faith, As a result"
+The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.,The British parliament,dominated,henceforth
+Egypt and Syria launched a sudden and surprise attack on the Yom Kippur  religious holiday (6 October 1973).,Syria,launched,a sudden and surprise attack
+"  From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.",the French revolutionaries,introduced,"various measures, From the very beginning"
+Though Israel suffered heavy casualties it finally pushed back the Arab forces.,it,pushed,"the Arab forces, finally"
+"Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom  associated with the French Revolution.",what,was said,"in newspapers, books, plays and songs"
+" In short, the Civil Disobedience Movement ignited national feelings among the people and trained them for launching new movements against the British rule.",the Civil Disobedience Movement,trained,"them, for launching new movements against the British rule"
+" This incident aroused the indignation of the Americans, and thus, the latter joined the Second World War on 8 December 1941.",the latter,joined,"the Second World War, thus"
+"Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.",liberalism,had stood,"Since the French Revolution, for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament"
+" The League was supposed to promote cultural, social and economic cooperation among the member nations.",The League,was supposed,promote
+"In the meantime, three Baltic States had formally left the Soviet Union.",Baltic States,left,the Soviet Union
+This treaty was open to any Arab nation desiring peace and security in the region.,This treaty,was,open
+"In order to maintain a parity with the US, in the context of President Reagan’s Star Wars programme, it became necessary for the Soviet Union to allocate more funds to the military.",the Soviet Union,allocate,more funds
+"  The axis powers—Germany, Italy and Japan—were defeated in the war.",The axis powers,is,"Germany, Italy, Japan"
+"The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.",The new state,placed,a strong emphasis
+Similar female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation.,Similar female allegories,were invented,in the nineteenth century
+"In retaliation, the Royal Air Force of Britain conducted air raids on German territories.",the Royal Air Force,conducted,air raids
+"In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.",zollverein,joined,by most of the German states
+"They formulated three-point programmes which included that the Ottoman Caliph should retain his empire, the Caliph should be left with adequate territories to enable him to defend the Islamic faith and the Arab lands should remain under the Arabic rule.",the Caliph,should remain,under the Arabic rule
+"Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.",Culture,played,an important role
+"In December 1954, a conference of eight European nations namely, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Romania and Russia took place in Moscow.",a conference,took,"place, In December 1954, in Moscow"
+It was later joined by Japan.,It,joined,later
+Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.,Marianne images,were marked,on coins and stamps
+"The major member countries included Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom.",The major member countries,included,Belgium
+"The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.",The primary identities,were,ethnic ones
+The Korean War made the Cold War really hot.,The Korean War,made,really hot
+While the emperor of Austria–Hungary surrendered on 3 November 1918.,the emperor,surrendered,on 3 November 1918
+"Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.",the Treaty,recognised,Greece
+"However, as Mayor of Moscow, Yeltsin won great popularity as a champion of political and economic freedom.",Yeltsin,won,"great popularity, However"
+"At the end of October 1945, the Jewish underground organizations like Irgun Zvai  Leumi (Zionist Para-military Organization) and the Stern Gang (Zionist Terrorist Organization) began to launch terror attacks on a large scale.",the Stern Gang,began,launch
+" In April 1961, while landing an army of Cuban exiles on the island of Bay of Pigs, the US bombed Cuban airfields with the objective of overthrowing Castro’s regime.",the US,landing,an army
+"Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.",Culture,helped,express
+The disintegration of the Manchu dynasty began with the death of the Dowager-Empress in 1908.,The disintegration,began,with the death of the Dowager-Empress
+"  The United States had its satellite states in Central America (Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and Guatemala), the Caribbean (Cuba, the Dominion Republic and Haiti) and east Asia (the Philippines, South Korea, South Vietnam and Thailand).",The United States,had,its satellite states
+They organised a society of ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’ and were also known as ‘Red Shirts’.,They,known,"also, as ‘Red Shirts"
+" On 6 August 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.",the first atomic bomb,was dropped,on Hiroshima
+He was assassinated at the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.,He,was assassinated,at the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo
+"The major member countries included Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom.",The major member countries,included,Denmark
+"It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.",ideas,gained,popularity
+"The major European powers, in turn, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims.",The major European powers,manipulated,the nationalist aspirations
+Mao joined the revolutionary army but soon left and enrolled in the Teachers’ Training College in Changsha.,Mao,joined,the revolutionary army
+"The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.",he,died,of fever
+Protestors at Delhi and Kolkata were fired at.,Protestors,were fired,at
+"To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.",the pattern,was characterised,in Eastern and Central Europe
+She retreated from the war because of the Russian Revolution.,She,retreated,"from the war, because of the Russian Revolution"
+"Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation.",Germania,became,the allegory
+Similar female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation.,Similar female allegories,were invented,by artists
+Russia supported Serbia and started making preparations for war.,Russia,started,making
+The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.,The revolution,proclaimed,was
+"Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.",Genoa,was added,in the south
+The US conceived the Marshall Plan to bring the countries in western Europe under its influence.,The US,conceived,the Marshall Plan
+"Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.",Their effort,was,create
+The division of Germany into West (Federal Republic of Germany) and East (German Democratic Republic) led to glaring differences in living standards.,The division,led,to glaring differences in living standards
+"Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade.",Her characteristics,were drawn,"from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade"
+The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.,The only tie,was,a common allegiance
+"Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.",Karol Kurpinski,celebrated,"the national struggle, through his operas and music"
+" Interestingly, at the time when Sorrieu created this image, the German peoples did not yet exist as a united nation – the flag they carry is an expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to unify the numerous German-speaking principalities into a nation-state under a democratic constitution",Sorrieu,created,this image
+The western powers followed the policy of appeasement as they thought that Japanese aggression would further weaken China.,Japanese aggression,weaken,China
+"One of the major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was freedom of the press.",who,criticised,the new conservative order
+Germany was divided into two zones—West Germany and East Germany.,Germany,was divided,into two zones—West Germany and East Germany
+The desperate need for jobs has been taken advantage of by the contractors to reduce the prices of the goods they order .,The desperate need,reduce,the prices
+The Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended by Gandhi because of the incident which occurred at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.,The Non-Cooperation Movement,was suspended,by Gandhi
+"In March the two governments (French and Viet Minh) reached an agreement by which North Vietnam was to be a free state, within an Indo-Chinese Federation.",the two governments,is,Viet Minh
+Germany and the Soviet Union were not made the members of the League.,Germany,made,the members
+"Rather, they realised, from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.",that modernisation,strengthen,traditional institutions
+"The Manchus, the ruling dynasty, had governed China since about 1650.",The Manchus,had governed,China
+They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.,They,drafted,headed
+"Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area.",Each power,was,keen
+"  Ever since the formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), Israel came to be attacked frequently by Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon and Jordan.",Israel,be attacked,"frequently, by Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon and Jordan"
+"In this context, East Germany began to construct a wall in 1961 which virtually cut off West Berlin from East Berlin and the surrounding East German areas.",which,cut,West Berlin
+"The help given to Vietnam by the socialist countries, the political support extended by a large number of Asian and African countries, and the solidarity expressed by the peoples in all parts of the world, helped in achieving this.",The help,helped,in achieving this
+The government brutally suppressed the movement.,The government,suppressed,"the movement, brutally"
+Aggressive nationalism means to love one’s country to such an extent that it results in the hatred of other countries.,it,results,in the hatred of other countries
+"Alarmed by the large participation of people in the movement, the government arrested prominent leaders from Amritsar, and Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.",the government,Alarmed,by the large participation of people in the movement
+"  As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.",liberalism,associated,"increasingly, with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland"
+Non-Cooperation Movement generated the desire for freedom among the people and inspired them to challenge the colonial rule.,Non-Cooperation Movement,generated,the desire
+"In the late 1980s, as USSR’s hold over Eastern European countries was weakening, a mass of people assembled on 9 November 1989 on both sides of the wall and began to demolish it.",a mass,began,demolish
+"  In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.",liberalism,stood,"In the economic sphere, for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital"
+"As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.",a large number,were put,in jail
+In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market.,whose existence,was based,on production for the market
+"Six countries (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg belonging to ECSC signed the treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC) or the European Common Market, with headquarters at Brussels.",which,established,the European Economic Community
+"The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.",The Bourbon kings,overthrown,now
+The government repressed the movement brutally.,The government,repressed,the movement
+" The first print of the series, shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and social classes – marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it",The first print,offering,"homage, to the statue of Liberty"
+"In June 1941, Hitler began the invasion of Soviet Russia against the peace agreement which was signed between Germany and Russia.",Hitler,began,the invasion
+"The bloc comprised Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Australia, Greece, Pakistan and Turkey.",The bloc,comprised,Turkey
+This chapter will look at the diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe.,nation-states,came,into being in nineteenth-century Europe
+Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 and made an extensive tour of the country in the next three years.,Gandhi,made,"an extensive tour, in the next three years"
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,is,Britain
+Both countries formed alliances and began piling up nuclear weapons.,Both countries,formed,alliances
+" The movement widened the base of the freedom struggle as people from different classes including workers, merchants, tribals and women participated in it.",The movement,widened,the base
+Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe.,Nationalist sentiments,mobilised,by conservatives
+Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.,Minister Cavour,was,a democrat
+"The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.",they,struggled,form
+Israel was admitted into the UN immediately much against the wishes of Arabs.,Israel,was admitted,"into the UN, immediately much, against the wishes of Arabs"
+He made salt in violation of the Salt Law and began the Civil Disobedience Movement.,He,made,salt
+"The EEC eliminated barriers to the movement of goods, services, capital, and labour.",The EEC,eliminated,barriers
+The First Round Table Conference was held in London from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931.,The First Round Table Conference,was held,in London
+"In the meantime, three Baltic States had formally left the Soviet Union.",Baltic States,left,"the Soviet Union, formally"
+" Initially, Austria–Hungary and Germany were able to invade some territories of the Russian empire.",Austria,were,able
+"President Yeltsin advocated greater autonomy of the Russian Republic, with executive presidential system that would allow him to govern independently of parliament.",President Yeltsin,advocated,"greater autonomy, with executive presidential system that would allow him to govern independently of parliament"
+Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads.,widespread unemployment,brought,"the population, on the roads"
+The Japanese in the Philippines were offering stiff resistance to the American forces.,The Japanese,were offering,stiff resistance
+"Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian.",he,spoke,"French, much better than he did Italian"
+"In these villages (with 18,000 inhabitants) cotton weaving is the most widespread occupation .",cotton weaving,is,the most widespread occupation
+"The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.",The Civil Code,did,away
+The Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) was a major rebellion.,The Taiping Rebellion,was,a major rebellion
+The Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba on an understanding that the US would never invade Cuba again.,the US,invade,"Cuba, again"
+On 25 December Gorbachev announced his resignation.,December Gorbachev,announced,"his resignation, On"
+The British Government appointed a committee of seven people popularly known as the Simon Commission to look into the need for further constitutional reforms in India.,The British Government,appointed,committee of seven people popularly known as the Simon Commission to look into the need for further constitutional reforms in India.
+The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions.,The members,were united,by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions
+On May 22 he closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping.,he,closed,"the Gulf, On May 22"
+This made Russia isolated as she was not able to get any help from the Entente Powers.,Russia,isolated,
+All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very little success.,the Ottoman Empire,had sought,strengthen
+"In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.",a customs union,was formed,In 1834
+The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was organized for the collective security of countries in Southeast Asia.,The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization,is,SEATO
+"  In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.",a large number,came,"In the German regions, together, in the city of Frankfurt"
+"  Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.",Nationalism,led,"Europe, to disaster, in 1914"
+"For six days the Soviet Union continued to exist only in name and at midnight on 31 December 1991, it was formally dissolved.",it,dissolved,continued
+Japan captured Manchuria (China) in 1931  .,Japan,captured,Manchuria
+But on each occasion he was interrupted by massive miners’ strike which came close to cripple the country’s energy supplies.,he,was interrupted,by massive miners’ strike which came close to cripple the country’s energy supplies
+"There was growing Arab antagonism towards Zionist settlers, as they bought land from rich Arabs and evicted the local peasant families who had been cultivating it for centuries.",they,bought,"land, from rich Arabs"
+Germany formed an alliance with Austria and Hungary which was later joined by Italy in 1882.,which,joined,by Italy
+" Although both countries did not engage in an actual fight with each other, there was uneasy political tension between the two.",both countries,engage,in an actual fight with each other
+Other Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk.,true German culture,was,discovered
+"However, as Mayor of Moscow, Yeltsin won great popularity as a champion of political and economic freedom.",Yeltsin,won,"great popularity, However"
+"The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.",The emphasis,was,recover
+It also called for more intensive coordination of foreign policy among member countries.,It,called,for more intensive coordination of foreign policy among member countries
+Germany formed an alliance with Austria and Hungary which was later joined by Italy in 1882.,which,joined,"later, by Italy, in 1882"
+"Further, people in East Berlin suffered from lack of democracy and freedom.",people,suffered,"Further, from lack of democracy and freedom"
+"As a result of separate armistice agreements (1947 Feb-June) between Israel and each of the Arab states, a temporary frontier was fixed between Israel and its neighbours.",a temporary frontier,was fixed,"As a result of separate armistice agreements (1947 Feb-June) between Israel and each of the Arab states, between Israel and its neighbours"
+"Finally, the government was forced to look into their demands and arrived at a settlement with the peasants.",the government,arrived,at a settlement with the peasants
+The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.,The spread,made,very explosive
+" Thus, USA declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917.",USA,declared,"war, on 6 April 1917"
+The Civil Disobedience Movement started with the Dandi March by Gandhi.,The Civil Disobedience Movement,started,with the Dandi March
+Militant nationalism was the consequence of the aggressive nationalism which included the building of a huge army and appointing of a powerful class of military and naval officers.,Militant nationalism,was,the consequence
+" Interestingly, at the time when Sorrieu created this image, the German peoples did not yet exist as a united nation – the flag they carry is an expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to unify the numerous German-speaking principalities into a nation-state under a democratic constitution",the German peoples,did not yet exist,at the time when Sorrieu created this image
+"The major member countries included Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom.",The major member countries,included,the United Kingdom
+"Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area.",Each power,is,"Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary"
+"This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria.",This,was,"in the case of Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria"
+"  The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.",it,was,the destiny
+"He launched an attack in June 1950, with the tacit support of Stalin.",He,launched,"an attack, with the tacit support of Stalin"
+" In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume",the peoples,identified,through their flags and national costume
+"When the Allies marched to Berlin to capture it, Hitler committed suicide, and on 7 May 1945, the last of the German armies surrendered.",Hitler,committed,suicide
+It was also known as the Western Bloc.,It,known,as the Western Bloc
+East Germany was occupied by the Soviet Union with East Berlin as its capital.,East Germany,was occupied,"by the Soviet Union, with East Berlin, as its capital"
+"When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.",observers,stand,"only, in the visitors’ gallery"
+"Unlike the NATO alliance, SEATO had no joint commands with standing forces.",SEATO,had,no joint commands
+" While Britain, France, Russia and their allies came to be known as the Allied Powers, Germany, Austria–Hungary and their allies came to be known as the Central Powers.",Russia,came,known
+The war lasted for three years.,The war,lasted,for three years
+General Dyer blocked the exit of the bagh and fired on the unarmed crowd.,General Dyer,fired,on the unarmed crowd
+Provincial governors removed the Manchu garrisons  and proclaimed their independence.,Provincial governors,proclaimed,their independence
+Clashes broke out almost immediately between Jews and Arabs in Palestine.,Clashes,broke,between Jews and Arabs in Palestine
+India contributed significantly to the War by supplying men and materials in the hope that self-government would be granted to them by the British government by the end of the War.,self-government,be granted,"to, by the end of the War"
+"As the army of Mao was gradually growing, the Kuomintang was unable to penetrate the mountains.",the army,growing,gradually
+The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country.,The English,helped,"the Protestants, establish"
+Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia.,labour,were abolished,Thus
+"In 1969, Yasser Arafat became chairman of the PLO’s executive committee a position he held until his death in 2004.",he,held,until his death in 2004
+"Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.",Sardinia-Piedmont,succeeded,in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859
+The Great Economic Depression of 1929–30 is mainly attributed to the war.,The Great Economic Depression,attributed,mainly
+Despite this they were denied  suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly.,they,were denied,"suffrage rights, Despite this"
+"Since Korea was partitioned as North and South (1945), each side sought to win legitimacy by unifying the country.",each side,sought,win
+India contributed significantly to the War by supplying men and materials in the hope that self-government would be granted to them by the British government by the end of the War.,self-government,be granted,"to, by the British government"
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",Lord Birkenhead,justified,the exclusion
+"Some of these were Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Yugoslavia.",Some,were,Finland
+" Germany conquered Norway, Denmark, Holland and Belgium by May 1940.",Germany,conquered,Norway
+The First Round Table Conference was held in London from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931.,The First Round Table Conference,was held,"in London, from 12 November 1930, to 19 January 1931"
+"At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was mercilessly beaten up by the police while opposing the Commission.",Lala Lajpat Rai,opposing,the Commission
+Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe.,Nationalist sentiments,mobilised,often
+"Six countries (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg belonging to ECSC signed the treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC) or the European Common Market, with headquarters at Brussels.",countries,is,Luxemburg
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,Britain,bombed,Egyptian airfields
+They were treated with scorn and threats alternately.,They,were treated,"with scorn and threats, alternately"
+"Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.",that,taken,"place, before 1815"
+The movement instilled patriotism among the people in the country which did not die down till the country became independent.,The movement,instilled,patriotism
+Shops were closed and workers of the railway workshop went on strike.,workers,went,on strike
+Communists also criticised western style of democracy as they felt that it was meant only for the rich and the upper middle class.,they,felt,meant
+"Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.",that uniform laws,would facilitate,the movement
+This chapter will look at the diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe.,nation-states,came,"through which, into being in nineteenth-century Europe"
+"In 1965 marines landed at Danang naval base, and there were 33,500 US troops in the country within a month.",marines,landed,In 1965
+Turkey and Bulgaria joined the war on the side of Germany.,Bulgaria,joined,"the war, on the side of Germany"
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",the Indians,arrive,to an agreed scheme of reforms
+"Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.",Karol Kurpinski,celebrated,the national struggle
+The treaty of Versailles was signed at Versailles in France.,The treaty,was signed,at Versailles in France
+"However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.",the Napoleonic Code,went,back to limited suffrage and reduced women
+The emergence of Vietnam as a united and independent nation was an historic event.,The emergence,was,an historic event
+Another group broke into the storehouse and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds .,Another group,broke,into the storehouse
+"As a result, many small nations lost faith in the League, and they entered alliances with other countries to protect their interests.",they,entered,"alliances, with other countries"
+The Congress passed a resolution in January 1932 for renewal of the Civil Disobedience Movement.,The Congress,passed,a resolution
+"But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.",the majority,shared,history
+"However, as Mayor of Moscow, Yeltsin won great popularity as a champion of political and economic freedom.",Yeltsin,won,"great popularity, as Mayor of Moscow"
+Germany was officially reunited on 3 October 1990.,Germany,reunited,"officially, on 3 October 1990"
+"Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.",Increased taxation,forced,conscription
+"In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.",new social groups,came,In its wake
+"Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.",Most conservatives,propose,"a return, however"
+"Six countries (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg belonging to ECSC signed the treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC) or the European Common Market, with headquarters at Brussels.",countries,is,West Germany
+"This arrangement upset the Arabs since they had expected independence at the end of World War I. Britain’s promise to Zionist leaders that it would allocate one of the Arab lands, Palestine, to Jewish settlers from Europe further embittered the Arabs.",promise,embittered,"the Arabs, further"
+"As an avowed critic of Communists, Chiang removed all of them from important positions in the party.",Chiang,removed,"all, from important positions in the party"
+Gandhi took up the cause of the Kheda peasants and offered Satyagraha.,Gandhi,took,the cause
+The United Nations was formed in 1945 to maintain international peace and security and to prevent the occurrence of any future wars.,The United Nations,maintain,international peace
+"In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.",Napoleon,freed,peasants
+" On 6 August 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.",the first atomic bomb,was dropped,On 6 August 1945
+Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries found a way out by personifying a nation.,Artists,found,by personifying a nation
+"  On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.",an assembly,gathered,in the Palace of Versailles
+"But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.",the majority,shared,descent
+Turkey and Bulgaria joined the war on the side of Germany.,Turkey,joined,the war
+"However, Japan did not destroy the ship repair facilities at the base and did not destroy the US carriers.",Japan,destroy,"the ship repair facilities, at the base"
+Nations should solve disputes among each other by referring the disputes to the League.,Nations,should solve,"disputes, by referring the disputes to the League"
+"In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.",the Prussian king,was proclaimed,"In January 1871, in a ceremony held at Versailles"
+India represented by Nehru played a crucial role in resolving the crisis.,India,played,a crucial role
+On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.,a large crowd,emerged,On 4 June at 2 p.m.
+Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.,Ideas,allied,closely
+"The Manchus, the ruling dynasty, had governed China since about 1650.",The Manchus,had governed,"China, since about 1650"
+"  From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.",the French revolutionaries,introduced,"practices, From the very beginning"
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,France,bombed,"other installations, on 31 October"
+Austria and Hungary became two separate states.,Hungary,became,separate states
+All nations were prohibited from entering any secret treaties and alliances.,All nations,were prohibited,from entering any secret treaties and alliances
+The English blocked the German coast to cut supplies to her.,The English,cut,"supplies, to her"
+"Alarmed by the large participation of people in the movement, the government arrested prominent leaders from Amritsar, and Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.",the government,arrested,prominent leaders
+The League of Nations was created after the First World War to prevent future wars.,The League,was created,after the First World War
+The US retaliated by ending the arrangement by which it bought the bulk of Cuba’s sugar.,it,bought,"the bulk, by which"
+Yeltsin was first an ally of Gorbachev.,Yeltsin,was,an ally
+" From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene",angels,gaze,"From the heavens above, upon the scene"
+Non-Cooperation Movement also promoted social reforms.,Non-Cooperation Movement,promoted,social reforms
+"In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.",independent nation-states,exist,yet
+"The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.",who,installed,"a constitutional monarchy, with Louis Philippe"
+"But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.",the English nation,grew,steadily
+A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.,A centralised administrative system,was put,in place
+"What we know today as Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.",we,know,"What, as Germany, Italy and Switzerland"
+"Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.",Genoa,was added,"to Piedmont, in the south"
+Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe.,Nationalist sentiments,mobilised,for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe
+The Allied Powers had raised huge sums of money in the USA to pay for the war goods and materials.,The Allied Powers,had raised,huge sums
+It also called for more intensive coordination of foreign policy among member countries.,It,called,also
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,announced,secession
+"While some were single nation states such as Britain and France, others were imperial states such as Austria and Hungary.",some,were,nation states
+"  On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.",an assembly,gathered,in the unheated Hall of Mirrors
+"The latter had Hungarian, Serbian, Bosnian and Croats who spoke different languages and cultural traditions.",The latter,had,Bosnian
+"Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.",who,reduced,"their payments, drastically"
+"In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.",Napoleon,simplified,administrative divisions
+"  Ever since the formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), Israel came to be attacked frequently by Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon and Jordan.",Israel,came,Ever since the formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
+"With the fall of the Berlin Wall, followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cold War era came to an end.",the Cold War era,followed,"With the fall of the Berlin Wall,"
+Similar female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation.,Similar female allegories,were invented,"by artists, in the nineteenth century"
+In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market.,the growth,meant,"the emergence, In Western and parts of Central Europe"
+Rallies protesting against this Act were organised in various cities.,Rallies,were organised,in various cities
+" In 1916, Germany sunk many British warships, but she was defeated in the Battle of Verdun.",she,was defeated,in the Battle of Verdun
+" Germany conquered Norway, Denmark, Holland and Belgium by May 1940.",Germany,conquered,"Norway, by May 1940"
+Shops were closed and workers of the railway workshop went on strike.,Shops,were,closed
+The Non-Cooperation Movement emphasised on the use of swadeshi and boycott programmes.,The Non-Cooperation Movement,emphasised,on the use of swadeshi and boycott programmes
+They did not take recourse to weapons.,They,take,"recourse, to weapons"
+"  In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.",whose members,were,class professionals
+The armies of North Vietnam and of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam swept across the country routing the American supported troops of South Vietnam.,The armies,swept,across the country
+"As a counter to the NATO, Soviet Union organized the Soviet-bloc countries for a united military action, under the Warsaw Pact.",Soviet Union,organized,"the Soviet-bloc countries, As a counter to the NATO"
+"They concluded the treaty on May 14, 1955.",They,concluded,the treaty
+They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture.,They,see,themselves
+"He launched an attack in June 1950, with the tacit support of Stalin.",He,launched,"an attack, in June 1950"
+They had to sell indigo at fixed rates (which were extremely low) to European planters.,They,sell,indigo at fixed rates (which were extremely low) to European planters.
+Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples.,Central Europe,were,under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which
+The damage and destruction caused by this war surpassed all other wars.,destruction,surpassed,all other wars
+" To Gandhi, the Khilafat Movement offered him an opportunity to unite the Hindus and the Muslims.",the Khilafat Movement,offered,him an opportunity  to unite the Hindus and the Muslims.
+If you look at the map of mid-eighteenth-century Europe you will find that there were no ‘nation-states’ as we know them today.,we,know,them
+" On 13 April, a large crowd assembled at Jallianwala Bagh protesting against the arrest of some of their leaders who criticised the government for passing the Rowlatt Act.",a large crowd,assembled,"On 13 April, at Jallianwala Bagh"
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,France,bombed,Egyptian airfields
+Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.,Minister Cavour,was,"a revolutionary, a democrat"
+"On 1 August 1914, Germany declared war on Russia.",Germany,declared,"war, On 1 August 1914"
+"As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.",a large number,were put,As a result
+"The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists, leaders of the Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha and Depressed Classes came together and made Motilal Nehru the Chairman of the Committee.",The Liberal and Assertive Nationalists,made,Motilal Nehru
+"But other military units refused to back them and as a result power fell into the hands of Boris Yeltsin, a reformer backed by the West.",other military units,fell,"as a result power, into the hands of Boris Yeltsin, a reformer backed by the West"
+The Warsaw Pact was dissolved in 1991 following the break-up of USSR.,The Warsaw Pact,was dissolved,"in 1991, following the break-up of USSR"
+Administrative and technical assistance was offered through the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) of the United States.,Administrative and technical assistance,was offered,through the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) of the United States
+A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.,A series,were set,on the boundaries of France
+"On 1 September 1939, the German armies marched into Poland.",the German armies,marched,into Poland
+The movement also became popular in the eastern parts of the country where people from Manipur and Nagaland joined the struggle against the British.,The movement,became,popular
+"  Ever since the formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), Israel came to be attacked frequently by Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon and Jordan.",Israel,be attacked,"by Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon and Jordan"
+In other words they represented a country as if it were a person.,they,represented,"a country, In other words"
+It also prohibited public policies or private agreements that restricted market competition.,It,prohibited,"private agreements, also"
+"Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century.",Industrialisation,began,"in England, in the second half of the eighteenth century"
+Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.,the rebellious nationalities,thought,"Hence, of their struggles, as attempts to win back their long-lost independence"
+"In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.",the Prussian king,was proclaimed,in a ceremony held at Versailles
+"Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.",wars,completed,the process
+"Thus, the USA feared that if Allied Powers lost the war, she would not be able to recover the money.",she,be,able
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,Britain,bombed,the Suez Canal area
+"They were admitted to the U.N. as independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.",They,were admitted,"as independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania"
+"Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.",that,taken,"place, already, in Western Europe, before 1815"
+"In December 1954, a conference of eight European nations namely, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Romania and Russia took place in Moscow.",a conference,took,"place, in Moscow"
+"The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.",large numbers,driven,"forcibly, out of their homeland"
+"Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.",Sardinia-Piedmont,succeeded,"Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour,, in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859"
+"Of the 100000 who set out, only 20,000 finally reached northern Sheni late in 1935, after crossing nearly 6000 miles.","20,000",reached,northern Sheni
+"The President of North Korea Kim II (People’s Republic of Korea) decided to act before his southern rival, Syngman Rhee (the Republic of Korea), got the chance.",The President,is,People’s Republic
+"The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.",who,installed,"a constitutional monarchy, at its head"
+"However, effort was made by every country (involved in the politics of the Cold War) not to engage in direct war with a country of the opposing camp.",effort,engage,"in direct war, with a country of the opposing camp"
+Castro nationalized them.,Castro,nationalized,them
+"  In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.",a large number,came,In the German regions
+"The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.",The Bourbon kings,overthrown,"now, by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head"
+"After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.",Ireland,incorporated,in 1801
+"In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.",they,marched,In 1860
+On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.,a large crowd,marched,in pairs
+"But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.",the new administrative arrangements,go,with political freedom
+"After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.",Ireland,incorporated,"After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), forcibly, into the United Kingdom, in 1801"
+Both Kim and Stalin did not expect the US to intervene.,Stalin,expect,intervene
+"In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.",new social groups,came,into being
+All German colonies in Asia and Africa were forcefully captured.,All German colonies,captured,forcefully
+" The rise of dictatorship in Germany and Italy weakened the League, which ultimately came to an end with the beginning of the Second World War.",which,came,to an end with the beginning of the Second World War
+She imprisoned the Emperor and reversed the reforms.,She,imprisoned,the Emperor
+They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.,They,spoke,French
+The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.,The failure,meant,fell
+"Mao, who was very fond of reading, soon showed his ability and entered the Junior College at Changsha.",Mao,entered,"the Junior College, at Changsha"
+Machine guns and heavy artillery made the life above ground very dangerous.,heavy artillery,made,the life
+Germany was also defeated in the Battle of Dogger Bank.,Germany,defeated,in the Battle of Dogger Bank
+"As a counter to the NATO, Soviet Union organized the Soviet-bloc countries for a united military action, under the Warsaw Pact.",Soviet Union,organized,"the Soviet-bloc countries, for a united military action"
+The Indian National Movement from 1919 to 1947 is also known as the Gandhian Era primarily because the period was dominated by Gandhi and his policies.,The Indian National Movement,known,"also, as the Gandhian Era"
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,is,Kazakhstan
+The district administration banned his entry into the district.,The district administration,banned,his entry
+"  In September 1949, before fighting had ended in the south of China, the people’s Political Consultative Conference met in Peking.",people’s Political Consultative Conference,met,in Peking
+"On 7 December 1941, Japan carried a surprise aerial attack on the American naval fleet at Pearl Harbour.",Japan,carried,"a surprise aerial attack, On 7 December 1941"
+Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.,Poets,mobilised,"public opinion, support"
+The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion.,The development,come,"about, only through wars and territorial expansion"
+Serbia accepted most demands but refused some.,Serbia,accepted,most demands
+"Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.",a common national currency,would facilitate,exchange
+Arabs gained nothing out of this war too.,Arabs,gained,"nothing, out of this war"
+"On 3rd September, France and Britain declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of the Second World War.",France,declared,war
+The delegates  drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.,The delegates,drew,the Treaty
+People participated in the movement in large numbers.,People,participated,in the movement in large numbers
+The American forces too suffered heavy casualties.,The American forces,suffered,"heavy casualties, too"
+"This arrangement upset the Arabs since they had expected independence at the end of World War I. Britain’s promise to Zionist leaders that it would allocate one of the Arab lands, Palestine, to Jewish settlers from Europe further embittered the Arabs.",promise,embittered,the Arabs
+He made salt in violation of the Salt Law and began the Civil Disobedience Movement.,He,began,the Civil Disobedience Movement
+The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.,the mantle,fell,now
+Here they stayed for the next seven years.,they,stayed,"Here, for the next seven years"
+In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market.,the growth,meant,the emergence
+"But other military units refused to back them and as a result power fell into the hands of Boris Yeltsin, a reformer backed by the West.",other military units,refused,back
+"The measure of cloth, for example, was the elle which in each region stood for a different length.",The measure,was,the elle
+Castro nationalized the US-owned sugar companies.,Castro,nationalized,the US-owned sugar companies
+The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.,that,was chosen,personify
+An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence.,that,mobilised,nationalist feelings
+"This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.",which,was carried,"mainly, in homes or small workshops"
+In Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market.,the growth,meant,the growth
+"On 3rd September, France and Britain declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of the Second World War.",Britain,declared,war
+It was fought between France and Britain on one side and Germany on the other side.,It,was fought,between France and Britain
+"In 1956 he nationalized the Suez Canal, which undermined British interests.",he,nationalized,the Suez Canal
+"The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.",The Civil Code,established,equality
+"Consisting of over 650 delegates from  the Communist Party and other left-wing organizations, the conference elected the Central Governing Council with Mao as its Chairman.",the conference,elected,"the Central Governing Council, with Mao"
+The disintegration of the Manchu dynasty began with the death of the Dowager-Empress in 1908.,The disintegration,began,"with the death of the Dowager-Empress, in 1908"
+"But meanwhile, many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European powers in the nineteenth century began to oppose imperial domination.",many countries,began,oppose
+"Because of the extent of the spread of the war, damages caused by it and the total impact of the war was till now unprecedented in history, it came to be known as the First World War.",the total impact,was,till now unprecedented in history
+"When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.",observers,stand,in the visitors’ gallery
+" While Italy under Mussolini aimed at reviving the lost glory of the old Roman Empire, Germany wanted to re-establish the prestige of Germany in the international field.",Italy,aimed,at reviving the lost glory of the old Roman Empire
+"Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.",Its chief minister,is,Otto von Bismarck
+He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army.,He,returned,24 hours later
+The United Nations was formed in 1945 to maintain international peace and security and to prevent the occurrence of any future wars.,The United Nations,was formed,in 1945
+"Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order.",conservative forces,were,able
+The Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha supported the decision of the Congress.,The Muslim League,supported,the decision of the Congress.
+It significantly expanded the EEC’s scope giving the meetings of the EPC a legal basis.,It,expanded,the EEC’s scope
+"Women participated in the movement in large numbers, and they became equal partners in the freedom struggle.",they,became,equal partners
+"In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects.",the other half,spoke,a variety
+"Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.",Women,founded,newspapers
+"Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century.",Industrialisation,began,in the second half of the eighteenth century
+Germany wanted to regain her lost territories.,Germany,wanted,regain
+"With the collapse of Soviet Union, the idea of nonalignment lost relevance.",the idea,lost,relevance
+The rivalry that developed after World War II between the US and the USSR and their respective allies created tension which is referred to as Cold War.,The rivalry,developed,between the US and the USSR and their respective allies
+Gandhi provided leadership to the mill workers in Ahmedabad in a strike against mill owners who refused to pay higher wages to the workers.,Gandhi,provided,leadership to the mill workers in Ahmedabad in a strike
+"With the surrender of the Japanese (1945), both the Kuomintang and the communists sought to occupy the Japanese areas.",the communists,sought,occupy
+The report which was submitted by the All Parties Conference came to be known as the ‘Nehru Report’.,The report,be known,as the ‘Nehru Report’
+"Although USA and the Soviet Union never fought a war with each other, they were extremely hostile to the other.",USA,fought,"a war, with each other"
+The Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba on an understanding that the US would never invade Cuba again.,The Soviet Union,removed,"the missiles, on an understanding that the US would never invade Cuba again"
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,is,Russia
+"In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.",Napoleon,abolished,the feudal system
+A revolution broke out in Germany and he became a republic.,he,became,a republic
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,is,Turkmenistan
+About 3700 people were killed in the attack.,people,were killed,in the attack
+Both Kim and Stalin did not expect the US to intervene.,Both Kim,expect,intervene
+"In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.",independent nation-states,exist,"where, yet, such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes"
+The American army occupied Japan until 1952.,The American army,occupied,"Japan, until 1952"
+This made Russia isolated as she was not able to get any help from the Entente Powers.,This,made,isolated
+It had a huge war indemnity and its mineral-rich areas of Saar and Rhineland were occupied by France.,It,were occupied,by France
+Germany was thus controlling the Baltic Sea and Black Sea.,Germany,controlling,"Black Sea, thus"
+The US bombed both North and South in the hope that it could force the liberation forces to abandon the struggle.,The US,bombed,"South, in the hope that it could force the liberation forces to abandon the struggle"
+Gandhi’s principle of non-violence was laid down on the principle that no kind of injury should be caused either by words or by action.,Gandhi’s principle,was laid,on the principle that no kind of injury should be caused either by words or by action
+The Americans began their drive to liberate the islands in the Southwest Pacific.,The Americans,began,"their drive, liberate"
+"The NAM held its first conference at Belgrade in 1961 under the leadership of Tito (Yugoslavia), Nasser (Egypt), Nehru (India), Nkrumah (Ghana) and Sukarno (Indonesia).",The NAM,held,"its first conference, under the leadership of Tito (Yugoslavia), Nasser (Egypt), Nehru (India), Nkrumah (Ghana) and Sukarno (Indonesia)"
+" Thus, USA declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917.",USA,declared,"war, Thus"
+The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.,The Congress,was hosted,by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich
+"These states were  governed by ruling groups made up of military personnel, landed gentry and occasionally of local capitalists.",These states,governed,by ruling groups made up of military personnel
+People in eastern India refused to pay the chaukidari tax.,People,refused,pay
+Yasser Arafat was appointed commanderin- chief of the all Palestinian Arab guerilla forces in September 1970.,Yasser Arafat,was appointed,in September 1970
+"The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.",whose inhabitants,known,"broadly, as the Slavs"
+"However, effort was made by every country (involved in the politics of the Cold War) not to engage in direct war with a country of the opposing camp.",effort,was made,However
+"Besides, civilians were also killed because of air raids, epidemics and famines during the war.",civilians,killed,"Besides, also, because of air raids, epidemics and famines during the war"
+"  In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.",whose members,were,prosperous artisans
+"However, much of the Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberalnationalist ideology.",much,remained,blissfully unaware
+The policy of appeasement refers to overlooking the aggressiveness of other countries.,The policy,refers,to overlooking the aggressiveness of other countries
+This chapter will look at the diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe.,nationalism,came,through which
+The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.,the mantle,fell,on Sardinia-Piedmont
+"Thus, Germany lost the Battle of Stalingrad.",Germany,lost,the Battle
+"Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.",that uniform laws,would facilitate,"the movement, from one region to another"
+" France, England and Russia formed the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the effects of the formation of the Triple Alliance.",Russia,formed,"the Triple Entente, in 1907"
+"However, after Britain won the First World War, it passed many Acts and laws (such as the Rowlatt Act) which aimed at suppressing the Indian National Movement.",Britain,passed,laws  (such as the Rowlatt Act) which aimed at suppressing the Indian National Movement.
+"Soviet Russia, by demonstrating solidarity with the liberation struggles of countries in Asia and Africa, earned the goodwill of the latter.",Soviet Russia,earned,the goodwill
+The journalist Wilhelm Wolff described the events in a Silesian village.,The journalist,is,Wilhelm Wolff
+"On 4 August, Britain declared war on Germany.",Britain,declared,"war, On 4 August"
+" People boycotted foreign goods, held demonstrations, picketed liquor shops and carried on the campaigns against British rule.",People,boycotted,picketed liquor shops
+"The major European powers, in turn, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims.",The major European powers,manipulated,"the nationalist aspirations, in turn"
+The Congress supported the British government during the First World War.,The Congress,supported,"the British government, during the First World War"
+The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.,The Balkan peoples,based,"their claims, for independence or political rights on nationality"
+Japan had joined the Berlin–Rome–Tokyo Axis to further expand its power in the region.,Japan,had joined,the Berlin–Rome
+"Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.",who,gave,"them, orders"
+"When the government did not accept the Report, the Congress declared ‘Poorna Swaraj’ or complete independence from British rule as its main objective.",the Congress,declared,complete independence
+" Germany conquered Norway, Denmark, Holland and Belgium by May 1940.",Germany,conquered,Denmark
+The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support.,The parliament,was dominated,by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support
+"As you have seen, nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament.",nationalist feelings,were,widespread
+It was later joined by Japan.,It,joined,"later, by Japan"
+"When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.",the deputies,offered,"the crown, to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia"
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,met,at Vienna
+" From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene",Christ,gaze,upon the scene
+"Thus, Germany lost the Battle of Stalingrad.",Germany,lost,"the Battle, Thus"
+The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830.,The first upheaval,took,"place, in France, in July 1830"
+The human cost was enormous.,The human cost,was,enormous
+"In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.",the aristocracy,enjoyed,power
+" While Italy under Mussolini aimed at reviving the lost glory of the old Roman Empire, Germany wanted to re-establish the prestige of Germany in the international field.",Germany,wanted,re
+"Finally, the Soviet President Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles and thus the Missile Crisis was defused.",President Khrushchev,agreed,withdraw
+This led to a wave of indignation among the Indian Muslims.,This,led,to a wave of indignation among the Indian Muslims
+So he concentrated his energies on organizing the peasantry.,he,concentrated,"his energies, on organizing the peasantry"
+"Some countries which became independent after the war were India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China and Ghana.",Some countries,were,Myanmar
+The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life; rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form.,it,sought,stand
+This Viet Minh government quickly occupied the southern half of Vietnam.,This Viet Minh government,occupied,the southern half
+Germany was thus controlling the Baltic Sea and Black Sea.,Germany,controlling,the Baltic Sea
+The disintegration of the Manchu dynasty began with the death of the Dowager-Empress in 1908.,The disintegration,began,in 1908
+"You will recall that in revolutionary France, which marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men.",the right,was granted,to property-owning men
+The opposing armies dug trenches to defend themselves from the enemy’s attacks and to launch attacks.,The opposing armies,dug,trenches
+The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the NonCooperation Movement as the former included non-payment of taxes and land revenues and violation of different laws.,the former,included,non
+Israel rejected the offer.,Israel,rejected,the offer
+"During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.",Italy,was divided,"into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house"
+"The Congress boycotted the Conference (as it opposed the Simon Commission), but other political parties and interest groups participated in the Conference.",The Congress,boycotted,the Conference
+The fourteen-point programme of President Wilson included the creation of a world organisation to prevent any future wars.,The fourteen-point programme,prevent,any future wars
+" This incident aroused the indignation of the Americans, and thus, the latter joined the Second World War on 8 December 1941.",the latter,joined,"the Second World War, on 8 December 1941"
+"Therefore, people of East Berlin moved to West Berlin in large numbers.",people,moved,in large numbers
+"During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.",one,was ruled,of which
+Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire.,Italians,were scattered,over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire
+They organised a society of ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’ and were also known as ‘Red Shirts’.,They,known,also
+"As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.",a large number,sent,"to, as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian"
+Germany formed an alliance with Austria and Hungary which was later joined by Italy in 1882.,Germany,formed,an alliance
+She retreated from the war because of the Russian Revolution.,She,retreated,because of the Russian Revolution
+"Although USA and the Soviet Union never fought a war with each other, they were extremely hostile to the other.",the Soviet Union,fought,a war
+"As a counter to the NATO, Soviet Union organized the Soviet-bloc countries for a united military action, under the Warsaw Pact.",Soviet Union,organized,the Soviet-bloc countries
+"She built one of the largest ships, ‘The Imperator’, in 1912.",She,built,"one, in 1912"
+"However, under pressure of world opinion, Britain and France ended hostilities on 6 November.",Britain,ended,"hostilities, However"
+With a population of 16 million North Vietnam became a Communist state with Ho Chi Minh as President.,a population,became,a Communist state
+"Countries which were part of this bloc were Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.",Countries,were,Hungary
+" France, identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue","France, identifiable",reached,"the statue, just"
+The Congress passed a resolution in January 1932 for renewal of the Civil Disobedience Movement.,The Congress,passed,"a resolution, for renewal of the Civil Disobedience Movement"
+" Because of aggressive nationalism and in the name of self-defence, almost every European nation began to pile arms and ammunitions.",European nation,began,pile
+" After the Second World War, many countries became independent.",many countries,became,independent
+"Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen  enjoyed a new-found freedom.",artisans,enjoyed,a new-found freedom
+Poorna Swaraj or complete independence was declared as the main aim of the Indian National Movement.,complete independence,was declared,as the main aim of the Indian National Movement
+"They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.",They,sought,curb
+A series of workers’ strikes undermined the communist regimes first in Poland and then in Hungary.,A series,undermined,the communist regimes
+"Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.",industrialisation,was,more advanced
+"One of the major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order, was freedom of the press.",One,was,freedom
+Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods.,Duties,levied,according to the weight or measurement of the goods
+" This incident aroused the indignation of the Americans, and thus, the latter joined the Second World War on 8 December 1941.",the latter,joined,the Second World War
+"In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.",the aristocracy,spoke,"Polish, In Galicia"
+But the Korean people gained nothing.,the Korean people,gained,nothing
+Formation of these alliances divided Europe into two hostile camps.,Formation,divided,Europe
+" In short, the Civil Disobedience Movement ignited national feelings among the people and trained them for launching new movements against the British rule.",the Civil Disobedience Movement,ignited,national feelings
+"Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.",a common national currency,would facilitate,"the movement, from one region to another"
+"As you would remember, the attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.",you,would remember,
+"Only Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal and Turkey remained neutral.",Only Sweden,is,Switzerland
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",who,defeated,"Napoleon, collectively"
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,is,"Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan"
+"The Congress boycotted the Conference (as it opposed the Simon Commission), but other political parties and interest groups participated in the Conference.",other political parties,participated,in the Conference
+The entire administration system was in the hands of a bureaucracy of scholar-officials called mandarins who came from the landed gentry.,who,came,from the landed gentry
+"Wearing a disguised pistol and carrying an olive branch and dressed in a military uniform, his appearance raised world awareness of the Palestinian cause.",his appearance,carrying,an olive branch
+"After being fired upon, the mob turned violent and set the police station on fire killing 22 police men.",the mob,turned,violent
+"The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of Italia, and believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife.",La Talia,was,Emmanuel’s wife
+" France, England and Russia formed the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the effects of the formation of the Triple Alliance.",England,formed,the Triple Entente
+The US retaliated by ending the arrangement by which it bought the bulk of Cuba’s sugar.,The US,retaliated,sugar
+France and Britain built large colonial empires in Asia and Africa.,Britain,built,large colonial empires
+In the middle of the 1980s about one third of the total GDP was going to the military.,third,was going,to the military
+"As a result of separate armistice agreements (1947 Feb-June) between Israel and each of the Arab states, a temporary frontier was fixed between Israel and its neighbours.",a temporary frontier,was fixed,between Israel and its neighbours
+"The American government asked Japan to surrender, but the latter refused.",The American government,asked,"Japan, surrender"
+It was the result of a long-drawn-out process.,It,was,the result
+The Great Economic Depression of 1929–30 is mainly attributed to the war.,The Great Economic Depression,attributed,to the war
+"Thus, they took no action when Germany militarised Rhineland and captured Austria and Czechoslovakia.",they,took,"no action, Thus"
+"Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.",he,had incorporated,"revolutionary principles, in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient"
+"The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.",he,died,in 1824
+"On 10 April 1919, the police fired on a peaceful procession.",the police,fired,On 10 April 1919
+The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.,Scotland,is,political institutions
+"You will recall that in revolutionary France, which marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men.",which,marked,the first political experiment
+"President Yeltsin advocated greater autonomy of the Russian Republic, with executive presidential system that would allow him to govern independently of parliament.",him,govern,independently of parliament
+"At the Bandung (a city in Indonesia) conference (1955), the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa gave a call for abstaining from allying with any of the two Super Powers.",the newly independent countries,gave,"a call, At the Bandung (a city in Indonesia) conference (1955)"
+"The East European communist states, under the Soviet umbrella, were also in a deep economic and social crisis.",The East European communist states,were,also
+The communists increased their influence among the workers and peasants and obtained recruits for their army.,The communists,increased,their influence
+"New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.",oaths,commemorated,composed
+"The Council of Europe with headquarters at Strasbourg was established with a committee of foreign ministers of member countries and a Consultative Assembly, drawn from the parliaments of foreign countries.",The Council,was established,"with a committee of foreign ministers of member countries and a Consultative Assembly, drawn from the parliaments of foreign countries"
+"After being fired upon, the mob turned violent and set the police station on fire killing 22 police men.",the mob,set,"the police station, on fire killing 22 police men"
+"But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.",the English nation,grew,"in wealth, importance and power"
+"Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.",that,taken,"place, in Western Europe"
+"In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.",Germania,wears,a crown
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,Britain,bombed,"Egyptian airfields, on 31 October"
+"Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.",liberalism,had stood,Since the French Revolution
+He withdrew the movement on 12 February 1922.,He,withdrew,the movement
+"With the surrender of the Japanese (1945), both the Kuomintang and the communists sought to occupy the Japanese areas.",the Kuomintang,sought,occupy
+"The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.",the collection,was,"recover, carry"
+The Congress passed a resolution in January 1932 for renewal of the Civil Disobedience Movement.,The Congress,passed,"a resolution, in January 1932"
+"  Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.",a landed aristocracy,was,the dominant class
+"  From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.",the French revolutionaries,introduced,practices
+"They requested the government to waive off their revenues, but their pleas went unheard.",their pleas,went,unheard
+Satyagraha was based on truth and non-violence.,Satyagraha,was based,on truth and non-violence
+"Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance and came to be known as Axis powers and Britain, France and the USA came to be known as the Allied powers.",Germany,formed,an alliance
+"To secure their interests, nations entered various alliances.",nations,entered,various alliances
+The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.,The Estates General,renamed,the National Assembly
+" In April 1961, while landing an army of Cuban exiles on the island of Bay of Pigs, the US bombed Cuban airfields with the objective of overthrowing Castro’s regime.",the US,bombed,"Cuban airfields, In April 1961,"
+The Congress achieved good results in elections to Legislative Assemblies in the following year and to Provincial Legislative Assemblies in 1937.,The Congress,achieved,"good results, in 1937"
+New methods of defence and destruction were used in it.,New methods,were used,in it
+"However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.",the Napoleonic Code,went,"However, back to limited suffrage and reduced women, to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands"
+Several harsh restrictions were imposed on Germany.,Several harsh restrictions,were imposed,on Germany
+"  Outside Europe, the Allied Powers led campaigns against the Ottoman Empire.",Outside Europe,led,campaigns
+"The bloc comprised Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Australia, Greece, Pakistan and Turkey.",The bloc,comprised,Canada
+East Germany was occupied by the Soviet Union with East Berlin as its capital.,East Germany,was occupied,as its capital
+Arabs gained nothing out of this war too.,Arabs,gained,nothing
+This brought an end to the Second World War.,This,brought,"to, an end"
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,is,"Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria"
+The televised images of the shooting and the fall of the Berlin Wall galvanized the process of the breaking up of the communist world.,The televised images,galvanized,the process
+"Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science  and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.",poets,focused,"on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings"
+This led to the establishment of the United Nations.,This,led,to the establishment of the United Nations
+A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.,A large part,was,under the control of the Ottoman Empire
+"Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language.",Poland,existed,no longer
+Formation of these alliances divided Europe into two hostile camps.,Formation,divided,"Europe, into two hostile camps"
+"  In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.",whose members,were,businessmen
+The Indian National Movement from 1919 to 1947 is also known as the Gandhian Era primarily because the period was dominated by Gandhi and his policies.,the period from 1919 to 1947,was dominated,"primarily, by Gandhi and his policies"
+" As a result, Austria declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914.",Austria,declared,"war, As a result"
+"  Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.",Nationalism,led,"Europe, to disaster"
+"Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom  associated with the French Revolution.",Most,control,said
+East Germany was occupied by the Soviet Union with East Berlin as its capital.,East Germany,was occupied,with East Berlin
+Eventually the two sides reached an agreement.,the two sides,reached,an agreement
+"Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.",a common national currency,would facilitate,the movement
+"Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.",equality,stand,for universal suffrage
+"The Rhine Valley in Germany was to be demilitarised, and German territory to the west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for 15 years.",The Rhine Valley,was,demilitarised
+"Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.",many members,began,use
+West Berlin’s economy became prosperous thanks to the support received from the West under the Marshall Plan.,Berlin’s economy,became,prosperous
+"On 1 September 1939, the German armies marched into Poland.",the German armies,marched,"On 1 September 1939, into Poland"
+The movement popularised new methods of propagandas.,The movement,popularised,new methods
+"After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.",Ireland,incorporated,into the United Kingdom
+The German emperor Kaiser William II fled to Holland.,The German emperor,is,Kaiser William II
+The western powers followed the policy of appeasement as they thought that Japanese aggression would further weaken China.,they,thought,weaken
+"At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was mercilessly beaten up by the police while opposing the Commission.",Lala Lajpat Rai,beaten,mercilessly
+The American forces too suffered heavy casualties.,The American forces,suffered,heavy casualties
+The desperate need for jobs has been taken advantage of by the contractors to reduce the prices of the goods they order .,The desperate need,been taken,"advantage, by the contractors"
+"Since Korea was partitioned as North and South (1945), each side sought to win legitimacy by unifying the country.",Korea,was partitioned,as North and South (1945)
+The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.,which,began,in 1821
+"Thus, monarchy in many countries collapsed.",monarchy,collapsed,Thus
+Aggressive nationalism also led to the development of expansionist policies.,Aggressive nationalism,led,also
+"However, as Mayor of Moscow, Yeltsin won great popularity as a champion of political and economic freedom.",Yeltsin,won,"great popularity, as Mayor of Moscow"
+"If the effects of World War I led to the communist revolution of Russia, the Second World War played a big part in the communist revolution in China.",the effects,led,"to the communist revolution of Russia, the Second World War"
+"They formulated three-point programmes which included that the Ottoman Caliph should retain his empire, the Caliph should be left with adequate territories to enable him to defend the Islamic faith and the Arab lands should remain under the Arabic rule.",the Caliph,be left,formulated
+"With Gorbachev’s introduction of democratic elections for the Soviet parliament, Yeltsin was returned to power with overwhelming support of a Moscow constituency in 1989.",Yeltsin,was returned,to power
+"  On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.",an assembly,gathered,"On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871, in the unheated Hall of Mirrors, in the Palace of Versailles"
+The First Round Table Conference was held in London from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931.,The First Round Table Conference,was held,from 12 November 1930
+This resolution was passed at the Lahore Session of 1929.,This resolution,was passed,at the Lahore Session of 1929
+The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power.,The nation-building process,had demonstrated,the dominance
+"  The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.",large numbers,had participated,over the years
+The breaking of the Salt Law at Dandi marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.,The breaking,marked,the beginning
+"In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.",zollverein,was formed,In 1834
+In May 1949 ten countries met in London and signed to form a Council of Europe.,countries,signed,form
+The Muslim population in India started the Khilafat Movement under the leadership of Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.,The Muslim population,started,"the Khilafat Movement, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali"
+"They used troops in Moscow to stage a coup, and held Gorbachev under house arrest.",They,held,"Gorbachev, under house arrest"
+"With the Revolution and the breakup of the old society, Confucian thought was generally side-lined and after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the ideas of Marx and Lenin became popular among intellectuals.",the ideas,became,popular
+"In France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation.",which,underlined,the idea
+"In the late 1980s, as USSR’s hold over Eastern European countries was weakening, a mass of people assembled on 9 November 1989 on both sides of the wall and began to demolish it.",a mass,assembled,on both sides of the wall
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,is,Tajikistan
+"As each region had its own system of weights and measures, this involved time-consuming calculation.",each region,had,its own system
+"The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.",The concept,been developing,over a long period of time
+She retreated from the war because of the Russian Revolution.,She,retreated,from the war
+"With Gorbachev’s introduction of democratic elections for the Soviet parliament, Yeltsin was returned to power with overwhelming support of a Moscow constituency in 1989.",Yeltsin,was returned,With Gorbachev’s introduction of democratic elections for the Soviet parliament
+It was fought between France and Britain on one side and Germany on the other side.,It,was fought,on one side and Germany
+The delegates  drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.,that,had come,during the Napoleonic wars
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",who,defeated,Napoleon
+"The Government realised the need for passing the constitutional reforms and thus passed the Government of India Act, 1935, which introduced the principles of federation and provincial autonomy.",which,introduced,the principles
+For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.,the new middle classes liberalism,stood,before the law
+"The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.",that,developed,everywhere
+The Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba on an understanding that the US would never invade Cuba again.,The Soviet Union,removed,the missiles
+This made Russia isolated as she was not able to get any help from the Entente Powers.,she,was,able
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,is,Prussia
+"There was growing Arab antagonism towards Zionist settlers, as they bought land from rich Arabs and evicted the local peasant families who had been cultivating it for centuries.",they,bought,land
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,is,Armenia
+"Arafat was elected by the central council of the PLO as the first president of the state of Palestine on April 2, 1989.",Arafat,was elected,"as the first president of the state of Palestine on April 2, 1989"
+"  Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.",who,argued,"for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital"
+He died as a result of wounds received because of the police lathi charge.,He,died,as a result of wounds received because of the police lathi charge
+"On 1 August 1914, Germany declared war on Russia.",Germany,declared,war
+"  When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.",the news,reached,the different cities
+In 1905 Dr. Sun Yatsen founded in Tokyo the political party which in 1912 became the Kuomintang or the National People’s Party.,Dr. Sun Yatsen,founded,"the political party, In 1905"
+It was fought between France and Britain on one side and Germany on the other side.,It,was fought,"between France and Britain, on one side and Germany, on the other side"
+The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support.,who,resisted,the demands
+Germany was also defeated in the Battle of Dogger Bank.,Germany,defeated,also
+"That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.",the female figure,became,an allegory
+"As the city of Danzig was mainly inhabited by the Germans, Hitler could easily connect with East Prussia.",Hitler,connect,"easily, with East Prussia"
+They sustained their resistance without bowing to the US.,They,sustained,their resistance
+"  In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.",whose members,were,"class professionals, businessmen, prosperous artisans"
+"Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved.",Conservatives,believed,preserved
+Communists also criticised western style of democracy as they felt that it was meant only for the rich and the upper middle class.,Communists,criticised,western style
+This gave rise to political discontent in Austria and Hungary.,This,gave,"rise, to political discontent in Austria and Hungary"
+"Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.",the Treaty,recognised,"Greece, as an independent nation"
+The government started negotiations with Gandhi (who was in jail) to bring an end to the Civil Disobedience Movement.,who,was,in jail
+"The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of Italia, and believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife.",who,had supported,Garibaldi
+" In April 1945, the Germans were caught between the British and Americans on one side and Russians on the other.",the Germans,were caught,on the other
+The First World War which began in 1914 was different from all the other previous wars.,which,began,in 1914
+"In Israel, the war is remembered as its War of Independence.",the war,is remembered,"In Israel, as its War of Independence"
+In the middle of the 1980s about one third of the total GDP was going to the military.,third,was going,In the middle of the 1980s
+"Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.",weavers,had led,"a revolt, in 1845"
+"The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.",The English parliament,was,the instrument
+A procession of about 3000 people marched to the Chauri Chaura police station.,A procession,marched,to the Chauri Chaura police station
+"During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.",one,was ruled,by an Italian princely house
+"This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.",which,mechanised,only
+"A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.",A new French flag,is,the tricolour
+The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence.,that,inhabited,the Scottish Highlands
+Britain used this opportunity to  demand that its troops be allowed to occupy the canal zone to protect the canal.,its troops,be allowed,occupy
+In 1958 the United States joined the organisation and thereafter it came to be known as the Central Treaty Organization.,the United States,joined,"the organisation, In 1958"
+Gandhi offered Satyagraha due to which an enquiry was ordered into the miseries of indigo cultivators.,Gandhi,offered,"Satyagraha, due to which enquiry was ordered into the miseries of indigo cultivators."
+They organised a society of ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’ and were also known as ‘Red Shirts’.,They,organised,a society
+"When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.",the deputies,offered,"the crown, When"
+"When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.",the Frankfurt parliament,convened,"When, in the Church of St Paul"
+"The American navy and air force destroyed the Japanese fleet, but Japan firmly held its position in Manchuria and in other places of China.",Japan,held,its position
+Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples.,Eastern,lived,diverse peoples
+The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.,The union,reduced,"the number, from over thirty to two"
+"The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.",which,been deposed,during the French Revolution
+"For example, France wanted the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany and Serbia wanted all the Balkan states to unite.",France,wanted,wanted
+The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence.,they,attempted,assert
+"There was growing Arab antagonism towards Zionist settlers, as they bought land from rich Arabs and evicted the local peasant families who had been cultivating it for centuries.",who,been cultivating,it
+"Rats, lice, gas, cold, rain and snow were problems faced by the soldiers in trenches.",snow,were,problems
+"Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.",it,written,in Paris
+Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.,Statues,persuade,"them, identify"
+"But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.",its rulers,develop,a sense
+" The movement widened the base of the freedom struggle as people from different classes including workers, merchants, tribals and women participated in it.",people,participated,in it
+"At the Kolkata Session in 1920, the Congress passed the resolution of the Non-Cooperation Movement.",the Congress,passed,"the resolution, in 1920"
+"Therefore, people of East Berlin moved to West Berlin in large numbers.",people,moved,Therefore
+Turkey and Bulgaria joined the war on the side of Germany.,Turkey,joined,"the war, on the side of Germany"
+" Gandhi was arrested, Congress was declared illegal and ordinances were passed giving the government special powers.",ordinances,were passed,giving
+"She built one of the largest ships, ‘The Imperator’, in 1912.",She,built,one
+The televised images of the shooting and the fall of the Berlin Wall galvanized the process of the breaking up of the communist world.,the fall,galvanized,the process
+Building of colonies became essential at this time as they not only provided raw materials and minerals for industries but also had great potential to become markets for European manufactured goods.,they,provided,raw materials
+"Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.",he,had incorporated,"revolutionary principles, in the administrative field"
+"In its wake, new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.",new social groups,came,"In its wake, into being"
+A wave of demonstrations that swept East Germany led to demolition of the Berlin Wall in 1989.,A wave,led,"to demolition of the Berlin Wall, in 1989"
+The English blocked the German coast to cut supplies to her.,The English,cut,supplies
+The plan sought to help the countries of Europe with American dollars to facilitate their early recovery  from the destruction caused by the Second World War.,The plan,sought,help
+In October 1911 the local army mutinied and the revolt spread.,the local army,mutinied,In October 1911
+"Alarmed by the large participation of people in the movement, the government arrested prominent leaders from Amritsar, and Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.",the government,arrested,"prominent leaders, from Amritsar"
+"However, much of the Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberalnationalist ideology.",much,were,very high
+Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.,century liberals,stressed,"the inviolability, also"
+"As a result, many small nations lost faith in the League, and they entered alliances with other countries to protect their interests.",many small nations,lost,"faith, in the League"
+The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion.,The development,come,only through wars and territorial expansion
+"Apart from these, 12 million people died in concentration camps.",people,died,Apart from these
+"But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.",it,was,able
+Battle of Marne was an important battle which was fought on the Western front.,which,was fought,on the Western front
+They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.,a constitution,be headed,by a monarchy subject to a parliament
+" While Britain, France, Russia and their allies came to be known as the Allied Powers, Germany, Austria–Hungary and their allies came to be known as the Central Powers.",France,came,known
+" The German armies marched into France and by 14 June 1940, Paris fell into the hands of the German forces.",Paris,fell,marched
+"A  National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work.",A  National Assembly,granted,"to, suffrage"
+"In the meantime, three Baltic States had formally left the Soviet Union.",Baltic States,left,"the Soviet Union, In the meantime"
+"  The capitalist countries led by the U.S. were politically designated as the First World, while  the communist states led by the Soviet Union came to be known as the Second world.",The capitalist countries,designated,as the First World
+"Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.",the French armies,were welcomed,Initially
+Aggressive nationalism also led to the development of expansionist policies.,Aggressive nationalism,led,to the development of expansionist policies
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,is,Ukraine
+" After his assassination, Austria served an ultimatum to Serbia making eleven demands.",Serbia,making,demands
+"However, Japan did not destroy the ship repair facilities at the base and did not destroy the US carriers.",Japan,destroy,the ship repair facilities
+It destroyed half of the city and thousands of people were killed.,It,destroyed,half
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,France,bombed,other installations
+"On 10 April 1919, the police fired on a peaceful procession.",the police,fired,"On 10 April 1919, on a peaceful procession"
+It occupied Manchuria despite the opposition of the League and was showing aggression in other parts of China.,It,was showing,aggression
+"Instead they waged war on political, economic and ideological fronts.",they,waged,"war, Instead"
+"In 1956 he nationalized the Suez Canal, which undermined British interests.",he,nationalized,"the Suez Canal, In 1956"
+"  Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.",Such conditions,were viewed,"as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital"
+Heavy economic losses were suffered by the nations which participated in the war.,which,participated,in the war
+"When the government did not accept the Report, the Congress declared ‘Poorna Swaraj’ or complete independence from British rule as its main objective.",the government,accept,the Report
+"  After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution.",nationalism,moved,"After 1848, away from its association with democracy and revolution"
+"The Congress boycotted the Conference (as it opposed the Simon Commission), but other political parties and interest groups participated in the Conference.",it,opposed,the Simon Commission
+Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.,the rebellious nationalities,thought,as attempts to win back their long-lost independence
+Germany began to build a powerful navy to protect her colonies in Asia and Africa.,Germany,began,build
+Assad respectively concluded a secret agreement in January 1973 to bring their armies under one command.,Assad,concluded,"a secret agreement, respectively"
+"  Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France.",he,introduced,"that, already"
+"On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.",elected representatives,marched,in a festive procession
+"Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.",equality,stand,"Yet, necessarily, for universal suffrage"
+"The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.",a centralised power,exercised,sovereign control
+"But Ho Chi Minh had established his control very firmly and so, early in 1946, the British and Chinese troops had to withdraw, leaving the French and Viet Minh to confront each other.",Ho Chi Minh,had established,"his control, very firmly"
+Britain used this opportunity to  demand that its troops be allowed to occupy the canal zone to protect the canal.,Britain,used,this opportunity
+They criticised capitalist economy as they believed that it was against the interests of the working and poor classes.,They,criticised,capitalist economy
+"You will recall that in revolutionary France, which marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men.",the right,was granted,exclusively
+Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine to France and Schleswig to Denmark.,Germany,lost,"Alsace-Lorraine, to France and Schleswig"
+The monetary policy and a common currency (euro) to replace national currencies managed by common monetary institutions were subsequently planned and implemented.,The monetary policy,planned,subsequently
+Machine guns and heavy artillery made the life above ground very dangerous.,Machine guns,made,the life
+"The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.",The English poet,fight,"in the war, where he died of fever in 1824"
+The victories secured by France and Britain against Germany in the Battle of Marne proved to be a decisive point in the war.,The victories,proved,be
+"As the city of Danzig was mainly inhabited by the Germans, Hitler could easily connect with East Prussia.",the city,inhabited,mainly
+"Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen  enjoyed a new-found freedom.",Peasants,enjoyed,a new-found freedom
+" As the Second Round Table Conference disappointed and failed, Gandhi returned to India.",Gandhi,returned,to India
+"The President of North Korea Kim II (People’s Republic of Korea) decided to act before his southern rival, Syngman Rhee (the Republic of Korea), got the chance.",The President,decided,act
+"The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.",that,been overthrown,by Napoleon
+"Jawaharlal Nehru, the President of the Congress Session in 1929, led a procession at Lahore and hoisted the tricolour.",Jawaharlal Nehru,led,a procession
+The emergence of the US and the USSR as super powers resulted in the division of the world into two antagonistic blocs.,The emergence,resulted,in the division of the world
+Machine guns and heavy artillery made the life above ground very dangerous.,Machine guns,made,"the life, above ground"
+"Soviet Russia, by demonstrating solidarity with the liberation struggles of countries in Asia and Africa, earned the goodwill of the latter.",Soviet Russia,earned,"the goodwill, by demonstrating solidarity with the liberation struggles of countries in Asia and Africa"
+"Thus, the USA feared that if Allied Powers lost the war, she would not be able to recover the money.",the USA,feared,be
+On his death in 1916 a new President was appointed for the next twelve years but the government was central only in name.,a new President,was appointed,for the next twelve years
+He was assassinated at the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.,He,was assassinated,"at the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo, on 28 June 1914"
+" In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them",Frédéric Sorrieu,prepared,"a series, In 1848"
+Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.,the cycles,be ended,"only, by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries"
+It could make state power more effective and strong.,It,could make,strong
+But on each occasion he was interrupted by massive miners’ strike which came close to cripple the country’s energy supplies.,he,was interrupted,on each occasion
+"However, as Mayor of Moscow, Yeltsin won great popularity as a champion of political and economic freedom.",Yeltsin,won,"great popularity, as a champion of political and economic freedom"
+"They were also successful against Romania, Serbia and Italy.",They,were,successful
+The rivalry that developed after World War II between the US and the USSR and their respective allies created tension which is referred to as Cold War.,The rivalry,created,tension
+"The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.",The term,is,liberalism
+The memory of the French Revolution nonetheless continued to inspire liberals.,The memory,continued,inspire
+Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.,Monarchs,were beginning,realise
+Mao had understood that the Kuomintang grip on the towns was very strong.,the Kuomintang grip,was,very strong
+"President Yeltsin advocated greater autonomy of the Russian Republic, with executive presidential system that would allow him to govern independently of parliament.",him,govern,independently of parliament
+The League however had some limitations too.,The League,had,some limitations
+"Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.",that,taken,"place, already"
+"On 3rd September, France and Britain declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of the Second World War.",France,marking,the beginning
+"The American navy and air force destroyed the Japanese fleet, but Japan firmly held its position in Manchuria and in other places of China.",air force,destroyed,the Japanese fleet
+"Succumbing to the pressure of great powers, the UN resolved to partition the British mandate of Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state (29 November 1947).",the UN,Succumbing,to the pressure of great powers
+The entire administration system was in the hands of a bureaucracy of scholar-officials called mandarins who came from the landed gentry.,The entire administration system,was,in the hands of a bureaucracy of scholar-officials
+On 4 June at 2 p.m. a large crowd of weavers emerged from their homes and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.,a large crowd,marched,"in pairs, to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages"
+The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830.,The first upheaval,took,"place, in France"
+They organised a society of ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’ and were also known as ‘Red Shirts’.,They,known,as ‘Red Shirts
+" While Britain, France, Russia and their allies came to be known as the Allied Powers, Germany, Austria–Hungary and their allies came to be known as the Central Powers.",their allies,came,known
+Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed.,Events,had brought,"the abdication, based on universal male suffrage"
+"However, the Allied Powers decided at Potsdam that the British in the south and the Chinese in the north should defend Indo-China from the Japanese.",the British,should defend,Indo-China
+"The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.",The creation,harnessing,"economic interests, to national unification"
+Nations were then portrayed as female figures.,Nations,portrayed,then
+"However, after Britain won the First World War, it passed many Acts and laws (such as the Rowlatt Act) which aimed at suppressing the Indian National Movement.",Britain,passed,many Acts
+"Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area.",Each power,is,England
+"On 3rd September, France and Britain declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of the Second World War.",France,declared,"war, On 3rd September"
+"The British government, presented the dispute to the UN for a decision.",The British government,presented,"the dispute, for a decision"
+"The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.",The Civil Code,did,"away, with all privileges based on birth"
+"The year 1988 saw the first mass protests –first in Armenia, and then in the Baltic States.",The year,saw,"the first mass protests, first in Armenia"
+Later Greece and Turkey joined the organization (1952).,Turkey,joined,the organization
+"Thus, they took no action when Germany militarised Rhineland and captured Austria and Czechoslovakia.",Germany,captured,Austria
+"  As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.",the Balkan area,became,an area
+Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.,Matters,were,further complicated
+"Rats, lice, gas, cold, rain and snow were problems faced by the soldiers in trenches.","cold, rain",were,problems
+"Today the European Union has 28 member states, and functions from its headquarters at Brussels, Belgium.",the European Union,has,member states
+On 25 December Gorbachev announced his resignation.,December Gorbachev,announced,his resignation
+"But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.",the initial enthusiasm,turned,soon
+"However, under pressure of world opinion, Britain and France ended hostilities on 6 November.",France,ended,"hostilities, on 6 November"
+"By 30 April 1975, all the American troops had withdrawn and the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, was liberated.",the American troops,had withdrawn,By 30 April 1975
+In 1905 Dr. Sun Yatsen founded in Tokyo the political party which in 1912 became the Kuomintang or the National People’s Party.,Dr. Sun Yatsen,founded,the political party
+"According to the SEA, each member was given multiple votes, depending on the country’s population.",each member,was given,"multiple votes, depending on the country’s population"
+"Six countries (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg belonging to ECSC signed the treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC) or the European Common Market, with headquarters at Brussels.",countries,is,France
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",Lord Birkenhead,justified,"the exclusion, When"
+" People boycotted foreign goods, held demonstrations, picketed liquor shops and carried on the campaigns against British rule.",People,carried,on the campaigns against British rule
+"Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray.",a large number,joined,"the fray, Apart from regular troops"
+The rule of the Ottoman Empire came to an end in Italy.,The rule,came,to an end in Italy
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",Lord Birkenhead,saying,"are, arrive"
+The US conceived the Marshall Plan to bring the countries in western Europe under its influence.,The US,bring,"the countries, in western Europe, under its influence"
+Egypt refused and on 31 October Britain and France bombed Egyptian airfields and other installations as well as the Suez Canal area.,Britain,bombed,"the Suez Canal area, on 31 October"
+"In 1955 Turkey, Iraq, Great Britain, Pakistan and Iran signed a pact known as Baghdad Pact.",Iraq,signed,a pact
+"  In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.",liberalism,stood,In the economic sphere
+Germany accused Poland of committing atrocities against German nationals in Poland.,Germany,accused,"Poland, of committing atrocities against German nationals in Poland"
+"Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.",the kingdom,was set,Thus
+" After Castro took power, the US-owned oil refineries on the island refused to process Russian oil.",Castro,took,power
+" As a result, Austria declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914.",Austria,declared,"war, on 28 July 1914"
+It also prohibited public policies or private agreements that restricted market competition.,It,prohibited,public policies
+But on each occasion he was interrupted by massive miners’ strike which came close to cripple the country’s energy supplies.,he,was interrupted,"on each occasion, by massive miners’ strike which came close to cripple the country’s energy supplies"
+" Thus, a period of uneasy tension followed after the Second World War.",a period,followed,"Thus, after the Second World War"
+" From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene",saints,gaze,From the heavens above
+"In the First World War, Britain was fighting against Turkey.",Britain,was fighting,In the First World War
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,is,Russia
+The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.,The Estates General,was elected,by the body of active citizens
+Germany accused Poland of committing atrocities against German nationals in Poland.,Germany,accused,Poland
+"The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.",The main intention,was,create
+"Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance and came to be known as Axis powers and Britain, France and the USA came to be known as the Allied powers.",Japan,be known,as the Allied powers
+The Indian National Movement from 1919 to 1947 is also known as the Gandhian Era primarily because the period was dominated by Gandhi and his policies.,the period from 1919 to 1947,was dominated,by Gandhi and his policies
+"In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.",Napoleon,simplified,"administrative divisions, in Italy and Germany"
+Soviet Russia also attacked Eastern Poland and occupied territories which were part of Russia earlier.,Soviet Russia,attacked,"Eastern Poland, also"
+Brutal repression measures were used by the government to Protests against the Simon Commission suppress the popular opposition.,Brutal repression measures,were used,to Protests against the Simon Commission
+In other words they represented a country as if it were a person.,they,represented,a country
+Militant nationalism was the consequence of the aggressive nationalism which included the building of a huge army and appointing of a powerful class of military and naval officers.,which,included,the building
+"To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.",which,were cultivated,by serfs
+The movement instilled patriotism among the people in the country which did not die down till the country became independent.,The movement,instilled,"patriotism, among the people in the country which did not die down till the country became independent"
+" From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene",angels,gaze,upon the scene
+Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 and made an extensive tour of the country in the next three years.,Gandhi,returned,to India
+"The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.",large numbers,driven,forcibly
+"Six countries (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg belonging to ECSC signed the treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC) or the European Common Market, with headquarters at Brussels.",countries,is,"France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg"
+"In Israel, the war is remembered as its War of Independence.",the war,is remembered,as its War of Independence
+The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.,The 1830s,were,years
+Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction.,Polish,was used,for Church gatherings and all religious instruction
+"The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.",he,died,"where, of fever, in 1824"
+" From 1893 to 1914, Gandhi practised law in South Africa.",Gandhi,practised,law
+"When France and Britain gave an ultimatum to Germany, the latter attacked France.",the latter,attacked,France
+It was signed by the victorious nations.,It,was signed,by the victorious nations
+The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence.,The Catholic clans,suffered,terrible repression
+"Truman, the president of USA, pursued a policy of containment of communism.",Truman,is,the president
+The western powers followed the policy of appeasement as they thought that Japanese aggression would further weaken China.,Japanese aggression,weaken,"China, further"
+"With Gorbachev’s introduction of democratic elections for the Soviet parliament, Yeltsin was returned to power with overwhelming support of a Moscow constituency in 1989.",Yeltsin,was returned,With Gorbachev’s introduction of democratic elections for the Soviet parliament
+"In March the two governments (French and Viet Minh) reached an agreement by which North Vietnam was to be a free state, within an Indo-Chinese Federation.",the two governments,reached,"an agreement, In March"
+The armies of North Vietnam and of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam swept across the country routing the American supported troops of South Vietnam.,The armies,routing,American supported troops
+"A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.",A modern army,could strengthen,the autocratic monarchies
+"Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.",the French armies,were welcomed,"in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw"
+"As you would remember, the attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.",the attributes,are,"the red cap, the broken chain"
+People retaliated by attacking banks and railway stations.,People,retaliated,by attacking banks and railway stations
+"When France and Britain gave an ultimatum to Germany, the latter attacked France.",Britain,gave,"to, an ultimatum"
+Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.,Conservative regimes,were,autocratic
+"  On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.",an assembly,proclaim,the new German Empire
+USA also did not join the League.,USA,join,"the League, also"
+"For example, the ‘Prabhat Pheris’ (groups of men and women who roamed in the village and town singing patriotic songs) became popular.",who,roamed,in the village and town singing patriotic songs
+"Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science  and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.",poets,focused,instead
+The misery of the workers is extreme.,The misery,is,extreme
+The US by this time had developed an atomic bomb.,The US,had developed,"an atomic bomb, by this time"
+" The first print of the series, shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and women of all ages and social classes – marching in a long train, and offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it",The first print,shows,the peoples of Europe and America
+"Many colonies such as India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka also participated in the war on the side of the Allies.",Many colonies,participated,in the war
+"Arafat was elected by the central council of the PLO as the first president of the state of Palestine on April 2, 1989.",Arafat,was elected,by the central council of the PLO
+"Besides, civilians were also killed because of air raids, epidemics and famines during the war.",civilians,killed,"because of air raids, epidemics and famines during the war"
+" France, England and Russia formed the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the effects of the formation of the Triple Alliance.",Russia,formed,the Triple Entente
+It was also known as the Eastern bloc or the Soviet Bloc.,It,known,"also, as the Eastern bloc or the Soviet Bloc"
+"The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples.",that,ruled,over Austria-Hungary
+But on each occasion he was interrupted by massive miners’ strike which came close to cripple the country’s energy supplies.,which,came,close
+"Gradually, the movement died down.",the movement,died,Gradually
+" As a result, Austria declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914.",Austria,declared,war
+Gorbachev could not take recourse to such brutal measures.,Gorbachev,take,"recourse, to such brutal measures"
+The killing of innocent people at the Jallianwala Bagh shocked the entire nation.,The killing,shocked,the entire nation
+"  In September 1949, before fighting had ended in the south of China, the people’s Political Consultative Conference met in Peking.",fighting,had ended,in the south of China
+It was heavily guarded with watch towers and other lethal impediments to stop people from the East.,It,guarded,"heavily, with watch towers and other lethal impediments"
+Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of  countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states.,Napoleon’s administrative measures,had created,a confederation
+"In 1955 Turkey, Iraq, Great Britain, Pakistan and Iran signed a pact known as Baghdad Pact.",Great Britain,signed,"a pact, In 1955"
+"  In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.",a large number,decided,vote
+"Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.",standardised weights,would facilitate,the movement
+"These states were  governed by ruling groups made up of military personnel, landed gentry and occasionally of local capitalists.",These states,landed,gentry
+"Instead they waged war on political, economic and ideological fronts.",they,waged,"war, on political, economic and ideological fronts"
+This period of uneasy tension and political instability is known as the Cold War.,This period,is known,as the Cold War
+The American army occupied Japan until 1952.,The American army,occupied,Japan
+India contributed significantly to the War by supplying men and materials in the hope that self-government would be granted to them by the British government by the end of the War.,India,contributed,"significantly, to the War, by supplying men and materials in the hope that self-government would be granted to them by the British government by the end of the War"
+"Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.",which,included,Belgium
+"On 10 April 1919, the police fired on a peaceful procession.",the police,fired,on a peaceful procession
+"This arrangement upset the Arabs since they had expected independence at the end of World War I. Britain’s promise to Zionist leaders that it would allocate one of the Arab lands, Palestine, to Jewish settlers from Europe further embittered the Arabs.",it,would allocate,one
+All territories which were seized by Japan were taken away.,which,were seized,by Japan
+It was the beginning of the decline of European colonial empires and the independence of colonies in Asia and Africa.,It,was,the beginning
+"Of the 100000 who set out, only 20,000 finally reached northern Sheni late in 1935, after crossing nearly 6000 miles.","20,000",reached,"northern Sheni, late in 1935"
+"Wearing a disguised pistol and carrying an olive branch and dressed in a military uniform, his appearance raised world awareness of the Palestinian cause.",his appearance,raised,world awareness
+"At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was mercilessly beaten up by the police while opposing the Commission.",Lala Lajpat Rai,beaten,At Lahore
+"His father was a wealthy peasant, and a firm supporter of the Manchus.",His father,was,a wealthy peasant
+"  While it is easy enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a statue, how does one go about giving a face to a nation?",one,go,"how, about giving a face to a nation"
+The Japanese government was following the policy of expansionism.,The Japanese government,was following,the policy
+"  Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France.",he,introduced,that
+Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.,Ideas,allied,"closely, to the ideology of liberalism"
+"The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.",who,been restored,during the conservative reaction after 1815
+An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence.,An event,was,the Greek war
+This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states.,Italy,be unified,as nation-states
+"However, the Allied Powers decided at Potsdam that the British in the south and the Chinese in the north should defend Indo-China from the Japanese.",the British,should defend,"Indo-China, from the Japanese"
+All these harsh terms led to the emergence of militant nationalism.,these harsh terms,led,to the emergence of militant nationalism
+"Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.",it,emphasised,"the concept, by consent"
+" Interestingly, at the time when Sorrieu created this image, the German peoples did not yet exist as a united nation – the flag they carry is an expression of liberal hopes in 1848 to unify the numerous German-speaking principalities into a nation-state under a democratic constitution",the German peoples,did not yet exist,as a united nation
+"Because of the extent of the spread of the war, damages caused by it and the total impact of the war was till now unprecedented in history, it came to be known as the First World War.",damages,was,"Because of the extent of the spread of the war, till now unprecedented in history"
+In six months the political map of half of Europe had been redrawn.,the political map,been redrawn,In six months
+"In November 1966 an Israeli strike on the village of Al-Samū in the Jordanian West Bank, left 18 dead and 54 wounded.",an Israeli strike,left,"18, In November 1966"
+Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.,century liberals,stressed,the inviolability
+The government’s survival in South Vietnam depended on increasing amounts of US support.,The government’s survival,depended,on increasing amounts of US support
+He made salt in violation of the Salt Law and began the Civil Disobedience Movement.,He,made,"salt, in violation of the Salt Law"
+He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.,He,formed,a secret society
+"The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.",The main intention,was,"restore, create"
+Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe.,Nationalist sentiments,mobilised,"often, by conservatives, for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe"
+"The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.",the collection,was,carry
+"Moreover, Germany would also become a possible rival of the USA.",Germany,become,a possible rival
+"With Gorbachev’s introduction of democratic elections for the Soviet parliament, Yeltsin was returned to power with overwhelming support of a Moscow constituency in 1989.",Yeltsin,was returned,in 1989
+" In August 1942, Hitler targeted Stalingrad, but the frigid temperature and counter attack by the Soviet troops forced the Germans to surrender.",Hitler,targeted,Stalingrad
+"In 1934, the Communist army of about 100,000 set out on the Long March.",the Communist army,set,"In 1934, on the Long March"
+Congress was declared illegal and restrictions were imposed on nationalist press.,restrictions,were imposed,on nationalist press
+"The Secretary of State, George C. Marshall, advanced the idea of a European self-help programme to be financed by the United States.",The Secretary,advanced,the idea
+CENTO was dissolved in 1979.,CENTO,was dissolved,in 1979
+" Germany conquered Norway, Denmark, Holland and Belgium by May 1940.",Germany,conquered,"Holland, by May 1940"
+"With the fall of the Berlin Wall, followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cold War era came to an end.",the Cold War era,came,to an end
+Israel was admitted into the UN immediately much against the wishes of Arabs.,Israel,was admitted,against the wishes of Arabs
+"In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.",the aristocracy,enjoyed,"power, where"
+"The latter had Hungarian, Serbian, Bosnian and Croats who spoke different languages and cultural traditions.",who,spoke,cultural traditions
+A wave of demonstrations that swept East Germany led to demolition of the Berlin Wall in 1989.,A wave,led,to demolition of the Berlin Wall
+" Russians had suffered heavy damages during the war and over 600,000 Russian soldiers were killed.",Russians,had suffered,heavy damages
+"The major European powers, in turn, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims.",The major European powers,further,their own imperialist aims
+"You will recall that in revolutionary France, which marked the first political experiment in liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men.",You,will recall,"that, granted"
+Italy remained neutral for some time and then declared war on Germany (broke the Triple Alliance).,Italy,declared,"war, broke"
+"Six countries (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg belonging to ECSC signed the treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC) or the European Common Market, with headquarters at Brussels.",countries,is,Italy
+"  Ever since the formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), Israel came to be attacked frequently by Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria, Lebanon and Jordan.",Israel,be attacked,frequently
+A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5 per cent at each one of them.,A merchant,have had,"pass, pay"
+Britain and France also wanted to check the growth of communism.,France,wanted,check
+Gorbachev made a last attempt to take a hard line against the disruptionist only to be challenged by a second great miners’ strike in 1991and huge demonstrations in Moscow.,Gorbachev,made,a last attempt
+"In order to maintain a parity with the US, in the context of President Reagan’s Star Wars programme, it became necessary for the Soviet Union to allocate more funds to the military.",the Soviet Union,allocate,"more funds, to the military"
+"The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.",The Civil Code,did,with all privileges based on birth
+Gorbachev spoke about the need for openness (Glasnost) and reform (perestroika).,Gorbachev,spoke,about the need for openness (Glasnost) and reform (perestroika)
+"Countries which were part of this bloc were Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.",Countries,were,Romania
+" After his assassination, Austria served an ultimatum to Serbia making eleven demands.",Austria,served,an ultimatum
+"The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.",they,is,all
+"You will recall that during the French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.",You,will recall,used
+The emergence of the US and the USSR as super powers resulted in the division of the world into two antagonistic blocs.,The emergence,resulted,"in the division of the world, into two antagonistic blocs"
+Gandhi launched a movement against this unjust Act.,Gandhi,launched,a movement against this unjust Act.
+The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.,the mantle,unify,"the Italian states, through war"
+This was the year (1911) when the Revolution had broken out in China.,the Revolution,had broken,in China
+" Coal mines in Saar, Germany, were given to France for 15 years.",Coal mines,were given,"to, for 15 years"
+Japan declared war on Germany with an aim of conquering German territories in the Far East.,Japan,declared,war
+Ireland suffered a similar fate.,Ireland,suffered,a similar fate
+The Kuomintang represented the interests of the landlords and capitalists.,The Kuomintang,represented,the interests
+"The Single European Act came into force on July 1, 1987.",The Single European Act,came,"into force, on July 1, 1987"
+"In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.",the Prussian king,was proclaimed,In January 1871
+" As you would recall, artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure – here you can recognise the torch of Enlightenment she bears in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other",artists,personified,Liberty
+"  As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.",liberalism,associated,increasingly
+It followed capitalism.,It,followed,capitalism
+"Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.",Small producers,faced,often
+"The President of North Korea Kim II (People’s Republic of Korea) decided to act before his southern rival, Syngman Rhee (the Republic of Korea), got the chance.",The President,got,the chance
+"Gandhi provided leadership to the masses who followed Gandhi irrespective of their caste, class or religious differences.",Gandhi,provided,leadership
+"In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.",Russia,was given,"part, In the east"
+"Though conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848, they could not restore the old order.",they,restore,the old order
+"Many other nations such as Germany, Italy and Japan competed with other powers to establish their colonies.",Many other nations,establish,their colonies
+Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.,Poets,lauded,Greece
+The division of Germany into West (Federal Republic of Germany) and East (German Democratic Republic) led to glaring differences in living standards.,East,led,to glaring differences in living standards
+The delegates  drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.,The delegates,drew,"the Treaty, with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars"
+"In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.",a unified Italy,offered,"them, the possibility"
+" In April 1945, the Germans were caught between the British and Americans on one side and Russians on the other.",the Germans,were caught,between the British and Americans
+The Warsaw Pact was dissolved in 1991 following the break-up of USSR.,The Warsaw Pact,was dissolved,in 1991
+A joint command of armed forces of the member countries with its headquarters in Moscow was setup.,A joint command,was,setup
+It had a huge war indemnity and its mineral-rich areas of Saar and Rhineland were occupied by France.,It,had,its mineral-rich areas
+" In 1915, the German U Boats sunk a British passenger ship called ‘Lusitania’.",the German U Boats,sunk,"a British passenger ship, In 1915"
+"Accordingly, it was decided to place Jordanian forces under Egyptian command.",it,was decided,place
+The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.,which,led,to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
+"As you would remember, the attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.",the attributes,are,the red cap
+The desperate need for jobs has been taken advantage of by the contractors to reduce the prices of the goods they order .,The desperate need,been taken,"advantage, of, by the contractors"
+"Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance and came to be known as Axis powers and Britain, France and the USA came to be known as the Allied powers.",Germany,came,known
+"The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.",The concept,been developing,in Europe
+"This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.",which,mechanised,"only, partly"
+"One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.",its European subject nationalities,declared,independence
+"Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent.",it,emphasised,the concept
+"The major member countries included Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom.",The major member countries,included,the Netherlands
+"For six days the Soviet Union continued to exist only in name and at midnight on 31 December 1991, it was formally dissolved.",the Soviet Union,continued,exist
+The parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support.,who,lost,"their support, consequently"
+"The United States was much concerned that poverty, unemployment, and dislocation caused by the post-World War II period were increasing the appeal of communist parties in western Europe.",unemployment,were increasing,the appeal
+"Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.",the Treaty,recognised,"Greece, Finally"
+Her military power was also reduced.,Her military power,reduced,also
+"But other military units refused to back them and as a result power fell into the hands of Boris Yeltsin, a reformer backed by the West.",other military units,fell,as a result power
+" Germany conquered Norway, Denmark, Holland and Belgium by May 1940.",Germany,conquered,Belgium
+This came to be known as blitzkrieg which means a ‘lightning war’.,This,be known,as blitzkrieg
+"They formulated three-point programmes which included that the Ottoman Caliph should retain his empire, the Caliph should be left with adequate territories to enable him to defend the Islamic faith and the Arab lands should remain under the Arabic rule.",which,included,retain
+In the middle of the 1980s about one third of the total GDP was going to the military.,third,was going,"In the middle of the 1980s, to the military"
+The delegates  drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.,that,had come,"in Europe, during the Napoleonic wars"
+"The East European communist states, under the Soviet umbrella, were also in a deep economic and social crisis.",The East European communist states,were,in a deep economic and social crisis
+The German emperor Kaiser William II fled to Holland.,The German emperor,fled,to Holland
+"As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian.",a large number,sent,"to, by the Russian authorities"
+"As a consequence of this pragmatic policy, the attacks on the communists gradually stopped.",the attacks,stopped,gradually
+"The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.",The north,was,under Austrian Habsburgs
+On 29 October Israeli forces invaded Egypt.,Israeli forces,invaded,Egypt
+Establishment of Council of Europe to act independently of the influence of USA that later developed into European Common Market and into European Union today is explained.,that,developed,"later, into European Common Market and into European Union"
+Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.,Prussian measures,became,a model
+"The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but also to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.",who,were,mostly illiterate
+The Civil Disobedience Movement started with the Dandi March by Gandhi.,The Civil Disobedience Movement,started,by Gandhi
+"When there were demonstrations by the pathans against the arrest of Ghaffar Khan, the police refused to open fire on the protesting mob.",the police,refused,open
+Battle of Marne was an important battle which was fought on the Western front.,Battle,was,an important battle
+"Although USA and the Soviet Union never fought a war with each other, they were extremely hostile to the other.",USA,fought,a war
+On his death in 1916 a new President was appointed for the next twelve years but the government was central only in name.,the government,was,central
+"In December 1954, a conference of eight European nations namely, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Romania and Russia took place in Moscow.",a conference,took,"place, In December 1954"
+The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.,Belgium,breaking,away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
+"Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s.",Their activities,prepared,the way
+Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.,the rebellious nationalities,thought,Hence
+Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.,artists,lauded,"Greece, as the cradle of European civilisation"
+"In 1969, Yasser Arafat became chairman of the PLO’s executive committee a position he held until his death in 2004.",Yasser Arafat,became,chairman
+The American troops also used bacteriological weapons.,The American troops,used,"bacteriological weapons, also"
+" People boycotted foreign goods, held demonstrations, picketed liquor shops and carried on the campaigns against British rule.",People,boycotted,held demonstrations
+"You will recall that during the French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.",the French Revolution artists,used,"the female allegory, portray"
+"  Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.",Nationalism,led,"Europe, in 1914"
+In 1918 a Society for the Study of Marxism was formed in Peking University.,a Society,was formed,in Peking University
+The Soviet Union removed the missiles from Cuba on an understanding that the US would never invade Cuba again.,The Soviet Union,removed,"the missiles, from Cuba"
+"Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science  and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.",Romantic artists,focused,instead
+"The basic principles of non-alignment, as listed in the statement issued at the Belgrade (a Serbian city, then part of Yugoslavia) Conference, were: peaceful co-existence, commitment to peace and security, no military alliance with any super power, no permission for any super power to build its military base in its territories.",The basic principles,were,peaceful co
+8 May was celebrated as the Day of Celebration in Europe.,May,was celebrated,as the Day of Celebration in Europe
+"There was growing Arab antagonism towards Zionist settlers, as they bought land from rich Arabs and evicted the local peasant families who had been cultivating it for centuries.",who,been cultivating,"it, for centuries"
+They feared that Germany might become a communist power.,Germany,might become,a communist power
+"In the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot.",weavers,were shot,In the exchange that followed
+The US bombed both North and South in the hope that it could force the liberation forces to abandon the struggle.,The US,bombed,South
+"He asked the Congressmen to focus on constructive activities such as working for the removal of untouchability, Hindu Muslim unity etc.",He,asked,"the Congressmen, focus"
+This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states.,Germany,came,by which
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,is,Prussia
+"However, effort was made by every country (involved in the politics of the Cold War) not to engage in direct war with a country of the opposing camp.",effort,was made,by every country (involved in the politics of the Cold War)
+Building of colonies became essential at this time as they not only provided raw materials and minerals for industries but also had great potential to become markets for European manufactured goods.,Building,became,essential
+"In 1898, the young Emperor, initiated a series of reforms known as the Hundred Days of Reform.",the young Emperor,initiated,a series
+"They requested the government to waive off their revenues, but their pleas went unheard.",They,requested,"the government, waive"
+For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.,the new middle classes liberalism,stood,for freedom for the individual and equality of all
+"Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.",that uniform laws,would facilitate,exchange
+Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.,Language,played,an important role
+The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.,The political and constitutional changes,led,to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens
+"He began the march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a small village located at the sea coast of Gujarat.",He,began,the march
+"But Ho Chi Minh had established his control very firmly and so, early in 1946, the British and Chinese troops had to withdraw, leaving the French and Viet Minh to confront each other.",the British and Chinese troops,leaving,"the French, confront"
+The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.,The use,be seen,as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance
+"The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.",large numbers,driven,out of their homeland
+In contrast the USSR had little interest in developing the economy of East Berlin.,the USSR,had,little interest
+"  The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.",it,was,the mission
+Clashes broke out almost immediately between Jews and Arabs in Palestine.,Clashes,broke,"almost immediately, between Jews and Arabs in Palestine"
+A series of workers’ strikes undermined the communist regimes first in Poland and then in Hungary.,A series,undermined,"the communist regimes, first in Poland"
+"Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, but in France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the nineteenth century.",it,occurred,"in France and parts of the German states, only during the nineteenth century"
+"In this context, East Germany began to construct a wall in 1961 which virtually cut off West Berlin from East Berlin and the surrounding East German areas.",East Germany,began,construct
+Gorbachev made moves to stabilise his position by reliance on conservative forces in 1989 and 1991.,Gorbachev,made,stabilise
+During this period nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war.,nationalist groups,became,increasingly intolerant
+Germany lost all her colonies to the victorious nations.,Germany,lost,all her colonies
+Turkey had joined the war on the side of the Central Powers.,Turkey,had joined,"the war, on the side of the Central Powers"
+Israel was admitted into the UN immediately much against the wishes of Arabs.,Israel,was admitted,immediately much
+"The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.",he,died,where
+"To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.",the bulk,was farmed,by tenants and small owners
+"However, under pressure of world opinion, Britain and France ended hostilities on 6 November.",Britain,ended,hostilities
+The United States and its European allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to resist Soviet aggression in Europe (1949).,The United States,resist,Soviet aggression
+The English blocked the German coast to cut supplies to her.,The English,blocked,the German coast
+Russia signed a peace treaty called the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.,Russia,signed,a peace treaty
+This Code was exported to the regions under French control.,This Code,was exported,to the regions under French control
+"In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.",zollverein,was formed,"In 1834, at the initiative of Prussia"
+"Thus, they took no action when Germany militarised Rhineland and captured Austria and Czechoslovakia.",Germany,militarised,"Rhineland, when"
+The city of Saigon was renamed as Ho Chi- Minh City after the great leader of the Vietnamese people.,The city,was renamed,as Ho Chi- Minh City
+"The British government, presented the dispute to the UN for a decision.",The British government,presented,the dispute
+"In the Arab world, it is treated as the Nakbah (“Catastrophe”) as a large number of Arabs became refugees.",it,is treated,as the Nakbah (“Catastrophe”)
+The League of Nations was created after the First World War to prevent future wars.,The League,prevent,future wars
+"The mass of peasant population was povertystricken, and suffered from high rents, high taxes, and shortage of land.",The mass,suffered,"from high rents, high taxes, and shortage of land"
+Germany joined the NATO in 1955.,Germany,joined,the NATO
+The assassination was planned by a secret society named ‘Black Hand’ which aimed at uniting all Serbians into a single Serbian state.,which,aimed,at uniting all Serbians into a single Serbian state
+"The fighters of North Vietnam, trained in guerilla warfare, had grown out of spontaneous struggles against a repressive regime.",The fighters,had grown,out of spontaneous struggles
+"With the fall of the Berlin Wall, followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cold War era came to an end.",the Cold War era,followed,"With the fall of the Berlin Wall,, by the collapse of the Soviet Union"
+The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members.,The British parliament,dominated,"henceforth, by its English members"
+"In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed.",which,crushed,ultimately
+"Of the 100000 who set out, only 20,000 finally reached northern Sheni late in 1935, after crossing nearly 6000 miles.","20,000",reached,"northern Sheni, after crossing nearly 6000 miles"
+Egypt and Syria launched a sudden and surprise attack on the Yom Kippur  religious holiday (6 October 1973).,Egypt,launched,a sudden and surprise attack
+The opposing armies dug trenches to defend themselves from the enemy’s attacks and to launch attacks.,The opposing armies,defend,"themselves, from the enemy’s attacks and to launch attacks"
+This developed into the European Common Market and finally into what is today the European Union.,This,developed,into the European Common Market
+Most of Muslim sacred places were located within the Turkish Empire.,Most of Muslim,were located,within the Turkish Empire
+"But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.",the new administrative arrangements,go,in hand
+"But by the end of the nineteenth century, its progress had halted.",its progress,had halted,by the end of the nineteenth century
+"Truman, the president of USA, pursued a policy of containment of communism.",Truman,pursued,a policy
+"Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science  and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.",poets,focused,"instead, on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings"
+It was also known as the Western Bloc.,It,known,"also, as the Western Bloc"
+"In June 1941, Hitler began the invasion of Soviet Russia against the peace agreement which was signed between Germany and Russia.",which,was signed,between Germany and Russia
+"There was growing Arab antagonism towards Zionist settlers, as they bought land from rich Arabs and evicted the local peasant families who had been cultivating it for centuries.",they,evicted,the local peasant families
+"Instead, they declared they would establish a Commonwealth of Independent States.",they,would establish,a Commonwealth
+European Common market was a remarkable success.,European Common market,was,a remarkable success
+This filled the political atmosphere of Europe with hatred and fear.,This,filled,"the political atmosphere, with hatred and fear"
+No action was taken when China appealed to the League for help.,China,appealed,to the League
+"Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area.",Each power,is,Austro-Hungary
+"Jawaharlal Nehru, the President of the Congress Session in 1929, led a procession at Lahore and hoisted the tricolour.",Jawaharlal Nehru,is,the President
+The new German government signed an armistice on 11 November 1918 and the war came to an end.,The new German government,signed,"an armistice, on 11 November 1918"
+"Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.",Women,taken,"part, in political meetings and demonstrations"
+Dr. Sun Yatsen was then trained as a doctor of medicine in Hong Kong.,Dr. Sun Yatsen,trained,as a doctor of medicine in Hong Kong
+"Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.",Karol Kurpinski,celebrated,"the national struggle, for example"
+The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.,Scotland,suppressed,systematically
+"The latter had Hungarian, Serbian, Bosnian and Croats who spoke different languages and cultural traditions.",The latter,had,Hungarian
+The Cold War period ended with the fall of Berlin Wall.,The Cold War period,ended,with the fall of Berlin Wall
+It was an inter-state military alliance between the countries of North America and Europe.,It,was,an inter-state military alliance
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",an All Parties Conference,suggest,reforms
+"South Vietnam, approximately of the same size and population, was ruled by Ngo Dinh Diem.",South Vietnam,was ruled,by Ngo Dinh Diem
+The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.,The first clear expression,came,with the French Revolution
+"Apart from these, 12 million people died in concentration camps.",people,died,in concentration camps
+Stockpiling of arms gave rise to stiff competition among the European nations which resulted in the outbreak of the First World War.,which,resulted,in the outbreak of the First World War
+Italy annexed Ethiopia (Africa) in 1936 .,Italy,annexed,"Ethiopia, in 1936"
+" The rise of dictatorship in Germany and Italy weakened the League, which ultimately came to an end with the beginning of the Second World War.",which,came,ultimately
+The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state in place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.,The end result,was,the emergence
+Here they stayed for the next seven years.,they,stayed,for the next seven years
+"According to the SEA, each member was given multiple votes, depending on the country’s population.",each member,was given,multiple votes
+The Warsaw Pact was dissolved in 1991 following the break-up of USSR.,The Warsaw Pact,was dissolved,following the break-up of USSR
+The report which was submitted by the All Parties Conference came to be known as the ‘Nehru Report’.,The report,came,
+The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.,they,been,independent
+The European Defence Community (EDC) and the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) were established.,The European Defence Community,is,EDC
+People in many north Indian towns protested against the brutal killings at Jallianwala Bagh.,People,protested,against the brutal killings at Jallianwala Bagh
+"The Manchus, the ruling dynasty, had governed China since about 1650.",The Manchus,is,the ruling dynasty
+Clashes broke out almost immediately between Jews and Arabs in Palestine.,Clashes,broke,almost immediately
+The desperate need for jobs has been taken advantage of by the contractors to reduce the prices of the goods they order .,The desperate need,been taken,"advantage, of"
+"Six countries (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg belonging to ECSC signed the treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC) or the European Common Market, with headquarters at Brussels.",which,established,"the European Economic Community, with headquarters at Brussels"
+"As the city of Danzig was mainly inhabited by the Germans, Hitler could easily connect with East Prussia.",the city,inhabited,by the Germans
+"Six countries (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg belonging to ECSC signed the treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community (EEC) or the European Common Market, with headquarters at Brussels.",which,established,"the European Common Market, with headquarters at Brussels"
+Israeli resorted to violent reprisals.,Israeli,resorted,to violent reprisals
+"Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.",weavers,had led,"a revolt, Earlier"
+"In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.",guild restrictions,were removed,In the towns too
+"But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.",the majority,develop,a sense
+No action was taken when China appealed to the League for help.,China,appealed,for help
+He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army.,He,having requisitioned,the army
+A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.,A wave,strengthened,the wider nationalist sentiments
+"In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.",the aristocracy,spoke,Polish
+"  During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.",Giuseppe Mazzini,had sought,put
+The rivalry that developed after World War II between the US and the USSR and their respective allies created tension which is referred to as Cold War.,The rivalry,developed,after World War II
+"‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’",France,sneezes,remarked
+The Great Economic Depression of 1929–30 is mainly attributed to the war.,The Great Economic Depression,attributed,"mainly, to the war"
+"The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.",The English parliament,came,forged
+He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.,He,formed,"a secret society, for the dissemination of his goals"
+He was assassinated at the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.,He,was assassinated,on 28 June 1914
+"However, under pressure of world opinion, Britain and France ended hostilities on 6 November.",Britain,ended,"hostilities, on 6 November"
+The assassination was planned by a secret society named ‘Black Hand’ which aimed at uniting all Serbians into a single Serbian state.,The assassination,was planned,by a secret society named ‘Black Hand’ which aimed at uniting all Serbians into a single Serbian state
+" After his assassination, Austria served an ultimatum to Serbia making eleven demands.",Austria,served,"an ultimatum, to Serbia making eleven demands"
+The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.,The most serious source,was,the area
+Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.,Poets,lauded,"Greece, as the cradle of European civilisation"
+" The heads of three powerful countries—President Roosevelt of America, Prime Minister Churchill of Britain and Stalin of Soviet Union convened a conference of representatives of all nations at San Francisco and drew up the ‘Charter of the United Nations’.",The heads,convened,a conference
+"The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.",the centre,was ruled,was
+The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.,the mantle,unify,the Italian states
+This came to be known as blitzkrieg which means a ‘lightning war’.,which,means,a ‘lightning war
+Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.,Language,played,"an important role, too"
+"The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.",The main intention,was,restore
+" When Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon Commission saying that the Indians are not united and hence cannot arrive to an agreed scheme of reforms, an All Parties Conference was organised in 1928 to suggest reforms for the country.",the Indians,are,united
+Eventually the two sides reached an agreement.,the two sides,reached,"an agreement, Eventually"
+The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.,they,been subjugated,"subsequently, by foreign powers"
+It could make state power more effective and strong.,It,could make,"more effective, strong"
+British soldiers and officers should remain in Indian regiments.,officers,should remain,in Indian regiments
+Provincial governors removed the Manchu garrisons  and proclaimed their independence.,Provincial governors,removed,the Manchu garrisons
+" Russians had suffered heavy damages during the war and over 600,000 Russian soldiers were killed.",Russians,had suffered,"heavy damages, during the war"
+"Because of the extent of the spread of the war, damages caused by it and the total impact of the war was till now unprecedented in history, it came to be known as the First World War.",damages,was,till now unprecedented in history
+Aggressive nationalism means to love one’s country to such an extent that it results in the hatred of other countries.,Aggressive nationalism,means,"’s country, love"
+Gandhi took up the cause of the Kheda peasants and offered Satyagraha.,Gandhi,offered,Satyagraha
+"They concluded the treaty on May 14, 1955.",They,concluded,"the treaty, on May 14, 1955"
+"When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.",the deputies,offered,the crown
+" Initially, Austria–Hungary and Germany were able to invade some territories of the Russian empire.",Germany,were,able
+"‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’",Metternich,remarked,catches
+The Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) emerged in the wake of decolonization that followed World War II.,The Non-Alignment Movement,emerged,in the wake of decolonization that followed World War II
+"Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance and came to be known as Axis powers and Britain, France and the USA came to be known as the Allied powers.",Italy,formed,an alliance
+"During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.",nationalism,emerged,"During the nineteenth century, as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe"
+"With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.",the French armies,began,carry
+"The bloc comprised Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Australia, Greece, Pakistan and Turkey.",The bloc,comprised,France
+"With Gorbachev’s introduction of democratic elections for the Soviet parliament, Yeltsin was returned to power with overwhelming support of a Moscow constituency in 1989.",Yeltsin,was returned,with overwhelming support of a Moscow constituency
+The following year he was elected President of Russia over Gorbachev’s objections.,he,was elected,over Gorbachev
+Marshall Plan funding ended in 1951.,Plan funding,ended,in 1951
+In May 1949 ten countries met in London and signed to form a Council of Europe.,countries,met,in London
+British soldiers and officers should remain in Indian regiments.,British soldiers,should remain,in Indian regiments
+"  While it is easy enough to represent a ruler through a portrait or a statue, how does one go about giving a face to a nation?",it,is,easy enough
+The Treaty of Versailles divided Germany into two parts.,The Treaty,divided,Germany
+"Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe, all seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.",Increased taxation,is,censorship
+The Civil Disobedience Movement started with the Dandi March by Gandhi.,The Civil Disobedience Movement,started,"with the Dandi March, by Gandhi"
+"The measure of cloth, for example, was the elle which in each region stood for a different length.",which,stood,in each region
+The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.,The first half,saw,an enormous increase
+Both believed in the existence of a totalitarian state and opposed democracy.,Both,believed,in the existence of a totalitarian state and opposed democracy
+US warships surrounded Cuba.,US warships,surrounded,Cuba
+"The Single European Act came into force on July 1, 1987.",The Single European Act,came,into force
+"In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.",Prussia,was given,a portion
+"But Ho Chi Minh had established his control very firmly and so, early in 1946, the British and Chinese troops had to withdraw, leaving the French and Viet Minh to confront each other.",Ho Chi Minh,had established,"his control, and so"
+"With the failure of diplomacy, Britain and France decided to use force.",Britain,decided,use
+"The concept and practices of a modern state, in which a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.",practices,been developing,in Europe
+"For example, the ‘Prabhat Pheris’ (groups of men and women who roamed in the village and town singing patriotic songs) became popular.",the ‘Prabhat Pheris,became,popular
+"Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.",Small producers,faced,"often, with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent"
+"A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.",A modern army,is,an efficient bureaucracy
+A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had to pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5 per cent at each one of them.,A merchant,have had,pay
+"Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.",who,reduced,their payments
+The city of Saigon was renamed as Ho Chi- Minh City after the great leader of the Vietnamese people.,The city,was renamed,"as Ho Chi- Minh City, after the great leader of the Vietnamese people"
+"France was given the mandate for Syria and Lebanon, and Britain for Iraq, Palestine and Jordan.",France,was given,the mandate
+Building of colonies became essential at this time as they not only provided raw materials and minerals for industries but also had great potential to become markets for European manufactured goods.,they,provided,minerals
+Among the students who attended was Mao Tse-tung.,Mao Tse-tung,was,Among the students who attended
+"The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.",The term,is,liberalism
+"The NAM held its first conference at Belgrade in 1961 under the leadership of Tito (Yugoslavia), Nasser (Egypt), Nehru (India), Nkrumah (Ghana) and Sukarno (Indonesia).",The NAM,held,"its first conference, in 1961"
+In Central and Eastern Europe these groups were smaller in number till late nineteenth century.,these groups,were,smaller
+" She is followed by the peoples of Germany, bearing the black, red and gold flag",She,is followed,by the peoples of Germany
+"Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance and came to be known as Axis powers and Britain, France and the USA came to be known as the Allied powers.",Japan,formed,an alliance
+Soviet Russia also attacked Eastern Poland and occupied territories which were part of Russia earlier.,Soviet Russia,occupied,territories
+" Thus, a period of uneasy tension followed after the Second World War.",a period,followed,Thus
+"In this context, East Germany began to construct a wall in 1961 which virtually cut off West Berlin from East Berlin and the surrounding East German areas.",which,cut,"West Berlin, virtually"
+By 1937 Mao had become the leader of over 10 million people.,Mao,had become,the leader
+Britain and France also wanted to check the growth of communism.,Britain,wanted,check
+" Germany conquered Norway, Denmark, Holland and Belgium by May 1940.",Germany,conquered,"Belgium, by May 1940"
+"The Chernobyl Disaster, a major accident in a nuclear plant in Ukraine, in 1986, was another blow.",The Chernobyl Disaster,is,a major accident
+This resulted in the death of about thousand people.,This,resulted,in the death of about thousand people
+"Unlike the NATO alliance, SEATO had no joint commands with standing forces.",SEATO,had,"no joint commands, Unlike the NATO alliance"
+"  In its long history, Chinese civilization was more advanced than that of Europe.",Chinese civilization,was,more advanced
+Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.,artists,mobilised,"public opinion, support"
+Gorbachev made moves to stabilise his position by reliance on conservative forces in 1989 and 1991.,moves,stabilise,"his position, in 1989 and 1991"
+It was heavily guarded with watch towers and other lethal impediments to stop people from the East.,It,stop,people
+" Soon afterwards, many other countries joined the war.",many other countries,joined,"the war, Soon afterwards"
+"The bloc comprised Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Australia, Greece, Pakistan and Turkey.",The bloc,comprised,Britain
+Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity.,Such differences,promote,a sense
+"As you would remember, the attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.",Justice,is,a blindfolded woman
+"In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.",Germania,wears,"a crown, In visual representations"
+"Earlier, in 1845, weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.",who,supplied,"them, raw material"
+Non-Cooperation Movement made the national movement a mass movement as people from every profession and walk of life participated in the movement.,Non-Cooperation Movement,made,a mass movement
+"This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.",which,was carried,in homes or small workshops
+"Besides, civilians were also killed because of air raids, epidemics and famines during the war.",civilians,killed,also
+This resulted in ideological differences between both countries.,This,resulted,in ideological differences between both countries
+"This was especially so in the case of Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria.",which,been partitioned,"at the end of the eighteenth century, by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria"
+He was also required to pay huge war reparations of 33 billion dollars for the losses of the victorious nations.,He,required,pay
+Evincing interest in politics he took part in a rising against the Manchus in 1895.,he,took,"part, in a rising against the Manchus"
+"The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.",The Balkans,was,a region
+It was also known as the Western Bloc.,It,known,also
+"But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.",the initial enthusiasm,turned,to hostility
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,is,Austria
+Non-Cooperation Movement fostered Hindu Muslim unity.,Non-Cooperation Movement,fostered,Muslim unity
+The western powers followed the policy of appeasement as they thought that Japanese aggression would further weaken China.,The western powers,followed,the policy
+The cities and railways soon fell into their hands.,railways,fell,"soon, into their hands"
+They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses.,They,owned,estates
+"New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.",martyrs,commemorated,composed
+"They formulated three-point programmes which included that the Ottoman Caliph should retain his empire, the Caliph should be left with adequate territories to enable him to defend the Islamic faith and the Arab lands should remain under the Arabic rule.",They,formulated,point programmes
+America remained neutral during the beginning of the war.,America,remained,neutral
+Mao was keen on obtaining the support of the middle class.,Mao,was,keen
+"When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.",the Frankfurt parliament,convened,in the Church of St Paul
+The mill owners finally had to bow down and agreed to give 35% hike in salaries to the workers.,The mill owners,had,"bow, agreed to give 35% hike in salaries to the workers."
+The British government refused to grant Dominion Status to India.,The British government,refused,grant
+"The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which, however, refused to shelter such a person.",which,refused,shelter
+The fourteen-point programme of President Wilson included the creation of a world organisation to prevent any future wars.,The fourteen-point programme,included,the creation
+"  In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.",representatives,met,In 1815
+" Coal mines in Saar, Germany, were given to France for 15 years.",Coal mines,were given,to
+The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.,The first clear expression,came,"with the French Revolution, in 1789"
+The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.,The Balkan peoples,used,"history, prove"
+"While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded.",the opposition,became,stronger
+" In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume",the peoples,are grouped,"In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, as distinct nations"
+"They were admitted to the U.N. as independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.",They,were admitted,to the U.N.
+This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states.,This,be observed,in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states
+The alliance came to be known as the Triple Alliance.,The alliance,be known,as the Triple Alliance
+"Rats, lice, gas, cold, rain and snow were problems faced by the soldiers in trenches.",lice,were,problems
+"  In September 1949, before fighting had ended in the south of China, the people’s Political Consultative Conference met in Peking.",people’s Political Consultative Conference,met,"In September 1949, in Peking"
+The Congress thus decided to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement.,The Congress,decided,launch the Non-Cooperation Movement.
+"  The axis powers—Germany, Italy and Japan—were defeated in the war.",The axis powers,were defeated,in the war
+" On 6 August 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.",the first atomic bomb,was dropped,"On 6 August 1945, on Hiroshima"
+"Some of these were Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Yugoslavia.",Some,were,"Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia"
+In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.,troops,were called,In the end
+They criticised capitalist economy as they believed that it was against the interests of the working and poor classes.,they,believed,was
+"Gandhi differentiated between passive resistance and the principle of Satyagraha—while the former does not exclude the use of physical force, the latter is against the use of any kind of force.",Gandhi,differentiated,between passive resistance and the principle of Satyagraha
+"In November 1991 eleven republics (Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) announced secession from the Soviet Union.",republics,is,Moldova
+"Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian.",he,spoke,French
+Non-Cooperation Movement generated the desire for freedom among the people and inspired them to challenge the colonial rule.,Non-Cooperation Movement,inspired,"them, challenge"
+"Of the 100000 who set out, only 20,000 finally reached northern Sheni late in 1935, after crossing nearly 6000 miles.","20,000",reached,"northern Sheni, finally"
+Other Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk.,Gottfried Herder,is,1744
+"Further, people in East Berlin suffered from lack of democracy and freedom.",people,suffered,Further
+"  The axis powers—Germany, Italy and Japan—were defeated in the war.",The axis powers,is,Germany
+"In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.",they,succeeded,in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers
+Only for a brief period under the Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage.,all adult males,enjoy,suffrage
+"The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.",it,had annexed,under Napoleon
+"The major member countries included Canada, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom.",The major member countries,included,Iceland
+The Allied Powers had raised huge sums of money in the USA to pay for the war goods and materials.,The Allied Powers,pay,for the war goods and materials
+"  When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.",the news,reached,"the different cities, When"
+"Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen  enjoyed a new-found freedom.",workers,enjoyed,a new-found freedom
+"However, under pressure of world opinion, Britain and France ended hostilities on 6 November.",France,ended,"hostilities, However"
+"Wearing a disguised pistol and carrying an olive branch and dressed in a military uniform, his appearance raised world awareness of the Palestinian cause.",his appearance,dressed,in a military uniform
+"While some were single nation states such as Britain and France, others were imperial states such as Austria and Hungary.",others,were,imperial states
+" In April 1961, while landing an army of Cuban exiles on the island of Bay of Pigs, the US bombed Cuban airfields with the objective of overthrowing Castro’s regime.",the US,bombed,"Cuban airfields, with the objective of overthrowing Castro’s regime"
+" Germany conquered Norway, Denmark, Holland and Belgium by May 1940.",Germany,conquered,"Denmark, by May 1940"
+"When the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.",the Frankfurt parliament,convened,When
+The mill owners finally had to bow down and agreed to give 35% hike in salaries to the workers.,The mill owners,had,agreed to give 35% hike in salaries to the workers.
+"Instead, they declared they would establish a Commonwealth of Independent States.",they,declared,establish
+"The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property.",The Civil Code,established,"equality, before the law"
+"Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.",Prussia,was given,important new territories
+It also prohibited public policies or private agreements that restricted market competition.,It,prohibited,private agreements
+The Geneva Conference (1954) that met on Korea and Indo China decided that Vietnam was to be an independent state but temporarily divided; the Viet Minh to control the north and Bao Dai to head the government the south.,that,met,on Korea and Indo China
+Mao joined the revolutionary army but soon left and enrolled in the Teachers’ Training College in Changsha.,Mao,left,soon
+Establishment of Council of Europe to act independently of the influence of USA that later developed into European Common Market and into European Union today is explained.,that,developed,into European Common Market and into European Union
+All nations had to respect each other’s independence.,All nations,had,respect
+In the following year Mao began his fullfledged political activities of Hunan and emerged as a staunch Communist.,Mao,emerged,as a staunch Communist
+The US bombed both North and South in the hope that it could force the liberation forces to abandon the struggle.,it,could force,"the liberation forces, abandon"
+Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 and made an extensive tour of the country in the next three years.,Gandhi,returned,"to India, in January 1915"
+"Rats, lice, gas, cold, rain and snow were problems faced by the soldiers in trenches.",Rats,were,problems
+They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture.,They,see,"themselves, as sharing a collective identity or a common culture"
+"President Yeltsin advocated greater autonomy of the Russian Republic, with executive presidential system that would allow him to govern independently of parliament.",President Yeltsin,advocated,greater autonomy
+In 1948 the Soviets had established socialist governments in the countries of eastern Europe that had been liberated from the Nazis by the Soviet Army.,the Soviets,had established,"socialist governments, In 1948"
+Germany joined the NATO in 1955.,Germany,joined,"the NATO, in 1955"
+"In the First World War, Britain was fighting against Turkey.",Britain,was fighting,against Turkey
+"This resulted in signing a pact between Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, and Gandhi which came to be known as the ‘Gandhi Irwin Pact’.",which,be known,as the ‘Gandhi Irwin Pact’
+"In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev took over as head of the USSR.",Mikhail Gorbachev,took,In 1985
+"It included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking.",the aristocracy,was,speaking
+This incident shocked Gandhi as he wanted to gain freedom by following the methods of nonviolence.,This incident,shocked,Gandhi
+Germany was officially reunited on 3 October 1990.,Germany,reunited,officially
+" Gandhi was arrested, Congress was declared illegal and ordinances were passed giving the government special powers.",Congress,was declared,arrested
+"  Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.",a revolution,was,under way
+"Some of these were Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Yugoslavia.",Some,were,Estonia
+The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.,they,been subjugated,by foreign powers
+" France, England and Russia formed the Triple Entente in 1907 to counter the effects of the formation of the Triple Alliance.",France,formed,"the Triple Entente, in 1907"
+The US conceived the Marshall Plan to bring the countries in western Europe under its influence.,The US,bring,"the countries, under its influence"
+In 1905 Dr. Sun Yatsen founded in Tokyo the political party which in 1912 became the Kuomintang or the National People’s Party.,Dr. Sun Yatsen,founded,"the political party, in Tokyo"
+"The Rhine Valley in Germany was to be demilitarised, and German territory to the west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied troops for 15 years.",German territory,was,occupied
+"In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.",peasants,struggled,"In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, under the burden of feudal dues and obligations"
+The European presence produced a profound hatred of foreigners.,The European presence,produced,a profound hatred
+"The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.",France,lost,the territories
+The movement also became popular in the eastern parts of the country where people from Manipur and Nagaland joined the struggle against the British.,people,joined,the struggle
+"In the late 1980s, as USSR’s hold over Eastern European countries was weakening, a mass of people assembled on 9 November 1989 on both sides of the wall and began to demolish it.",hold,was weakening,In the late 1980s
+" The crops in 1918 failed in Kheda, and the farmers were not in a situation to pay land revenues to the government.",The crops,failed,in Kheda
+"Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.",he,had incorporated,revolutionary principles
+"The bloc comprised Britain, France, Italy, Canada, Australia, Greece, Pakistan and Turkey.",The bloc,comprised,Pakistan
+The chief objective of NATO was the peace and security in the North Atlantic region.,The chief objective,was,"the peace, security"
+"The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.",The term,derives,from the Latin root liber
+The United Nations was formed in 1945 to maintain international peace and security and to prevent the occurrence of any future wars.,The United Nations,maintain,security
+The movement also became popular in the eastern parts of the country where people from Manipur and Nagaland joined the struggle against the British.,people,joined,"the struggle, where"
+"This arrangement upset the Arabs since they had expected independence at the end of World War I. Britain’s promise to Zionist leaders that it would allocate one of the Arab lands, Palestine, to Jewish settlers from Europe further embittered the Arabs.",they,had expected,independence
+" The war marked the end of three ruling dynasties in Europe—the Romanov in Russia, the Hohenzollern in Germany and Hapsburg in Austria–Hungary.",The war,marked,the end
+"Let us look at Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.",us,look,"at Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment"
+The new German government signed an armistice on 11 November 1918 and the war came to an end.,the war,came,to an end
+"The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of Italia, and believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife.",The peasant masses,heard,of Italia
+"Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science  and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.",poets,criticised,"the glorification, generally"
+The report which was submitted by the All Parties Conference came to be known as the ‘Nehru Report’.,which,was submitted,by the All Parties Conference
+"However, Japan did not destroy the ship repair facilities at the base and did not destroy the US carriers.",Japan,destroy,"the ship repair facilities, However"
+It followed socialist ideologies.,It,followed,socialist ideologies
+"In the Arab world, it is treated as the Nakbah (“Catastrophe”) as a large number of Arabs became refugees.",it,is treated,In the Arab world
+"However, as Mayor of Moscow, Yeltsin won great popularity as a champion of political and economic freedom.",Yeltsin,won,"great popularity, as a champion of political and economic freedom"
+"The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.",The creation,stimulated,mobility
+"When there were demonstrations by the pathans against the arrest of Ghaffar Khan, the police refused to open fire on the protesting mob.",the police,were,demonstrations
+He went on a hunger strike.,He,went,on a hunger strike
+" The German armies marched into France and by 14 June 1940, Paris fell into the hands of the German forces.",The German armies,marched,into France and by 14 June 1940